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Foundations 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

ovulation

A

LH causes mature egg to release,

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2
Q

what is egg surrounded in during ovulation

A

zona pellucida

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3
Q

3 stages of fertilization

A

capacitation, acrosomal reaction, cortical and zona reactions

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4
Q

3 trimesters

A

organ development, viability, maturation

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5
Q

3 fetal periods of prenatal development

A

blastocyst (1-2), embryonic (3-8), fetal (8-term)

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6
Q

complete hydatidiform mole

A

only paternal DNA (maternal oocyte missing nucleus, duplicated sperm DNA)

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7
Q

partial hydatidiform mole

A

fertilize 1 oocyte by 2 sperm –> triploid zygote, 2x as much paternal DNA as maternal

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8
Q

bilaminar disc/embryo

A

epiblast with amniotic cavity, hypoblast with primary yolk sac

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9
Q

trophoblast differentiation during implantation

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. latter burrows into endometrial lining of uterus

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10
Q

lacunae

A

within syncytiotrophoblast, fuse together and trophoblast also penetrate maternal cappilaries to make sinusoids –> earliest uteroplacental circulation

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11
Q

what is the earliest uteroplacental circulation made of

A

lacunae and sinusoids (made from trophoblast cells replacing endothelial cells of maternal capillaries)

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12
Q

uterine lining and syncytiotrophoblast together become

A

placenta

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13
Q

fingerlike projections of cytotrophoblast covered by syncytiotrophoblast

A

primary villi

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14
Q

what secretes hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast, can be detected end of second week

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15
Q

what makes up the amnion

A

epiblast, extraembryonic mesodermal cells

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16
Q

what makes up the chorion

A

syncytio, cyto, mesoderm

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17
Q

what makes the umbilical cord

A

connective stalk

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18
Q

when blastocyst implants near cervix

A

placenta covers cervix, placenta previa

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19
Q

blastocyst implants in fallopian tube

A

ectopic pregnancy (can happen other places too)

20
Q

primitive streak

A

caudal end of epiblast, place for cells to migrate to form endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

21
Q

primitive node

A

cephalic end of primitive streak, induces formation of notochord in mesoderm

22
Q

notochord function

A

induces ectoderm to fold downwards to make neural tube, induces mesoderm differentiation (columns)

23
Q

neural crest cells

A

dissociate from folding neural tube and migrate into mesoderm

24
Q

oropharyngeal and cloacal membrane

A

ectoderm remains in contact with endoderm without mesoderm –> mouth and anus

25
Q

ectoderm in contact with endoderm without mesoderm

A

oropharyngeal and cloacal membrane = mouth and anus

26
Q

cardiogenic region

A

mesoderm in front of oropharyngeal membrane, derived from primitive streak and forms heart

27
Q

teratomas

A

tumors containing tissues from all 3 germ layers

28
Q

sacrococcygeal teratomas

A

primitive streak remnants presist as puripotent stem cells that proliferate and form tumors

29
Q

paraxial mesoderm

A

adjacent to neural tube, becomes segmental somites to make muscle bone dermis and connective tissue

30
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

lateral to paraxial, kidneys and gonads

31
Q

lateral plate mesoderm

A

somatic mesoderm, body wall AND splanchnic mesoderm, gut wall, pleura, peritoneum and connective tissue

32
Q

splanchnopleure

A

splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm, forms tube with endoderm on inside and mesoderm outside = gut and coverings of organs as peritoneum and pleura (visceral peritoneum and pleura derive from this)

33
Q

somatopleure

A

somatic medoserm and ectoderm, fold around splanchnopleure to make body wall with ectoderm on outside (parietal pleure and peritoneum derive from this)

34
Q

yolk sac connection with midgut

A

through anterior body wall into connecting stalk via vitelline duct

35
Q

failure of vitelline duct to close

A

Meckel diverticulum

36
Q

failure of ventral body wall to close

A

gastroschisis (viscera remain outside body wall) or cloacal exstrophy (bladder/pelvic organs grow outside body wall)

37
Q

vasculogenesis

A

formation of vessels de novo

38
Q

angiogenesis

A

new vessels from existing vessels

39
Q

blood vessels and cells come from..

A

mesoderm

40
Q

somites differentiate into

A

sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

41
Q

sclerotome

A

vertebrae and ribs

42
Q

myotome

A

segmental muscles

43
Q

dermatome

A

dermis of back

44
Q

septum transversem

A

mesenchyme separating thoracic and abdominal cavities –> diaphragm

45
Q

GI organs develop from

A

buds off splanchnopleure of gut tube with endoderm –> epithelium and splanchnic mesoderm forming connective tissue

46
Q

somatpoleure forms…

A

limb buds

Foundations 2 (6 decks)

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