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Embryology > Embryonic and Foetal Development and Developmental Abnormalities > Flashcards

Embryonic and Foetal Development and Developmental Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of embryonic folding?

A

Lateral and Longitudinal (Caudal and Cranial)

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2
Q

What occurs in lateral folding?

A

Open coelom is closed (creating thoracic and abdominal cavities)
Fore and hind gut closed

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3
Q

What occurs in cranial folding?

A

Foregut formed

Heart tube developed

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4
Q

What occurs in caudal folding?

A

Hind gut, anus and umbilical cord formed

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5
Q

What occurs in the 3rd month?

A

Face is formed
Limbs lengthen
Primary ossification in long bones and skull
Sex can be determined

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6
Q

What occurs in the 4th and 5th months?

A

Rapid increase in length

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7
Q

What occurs in the 6th month?

A

Rapid increase in weight

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8
Q

Describe the size of the embryo head in relation to its body

A

The head is disproportionately large

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9
Q

When do the majority of embryonic defects occur?

A

During embryonic development (weeks 3 - 8)

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10
Q

What types of defects have the longest critical phase?

A

Neural defects

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11
Q

What are the most common type of defects?

A

Heart defects

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12
Q

What is the major cause of embryonic defects?

A

The cause is unknown most of the time

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13
Q

What environmental causes lead to defects?

A 
Maternal health during pregnancy
Infectious agents
Radiation
Chemical agents/ pharmaceutical drugs
Nutritional deficiencies
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14
Q

What is the cause of spina bifia?

A

Multi-factorial causes

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15
Q

What is the first step in heart development?

A

Heart tube

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16
Q

What does looping and folding do?

A

Brings the chambers of the heart into the correct positions relative to each other

17
Q

How do the primitive atria move in looping and folding?

A

Caudally (*check this)

Posteriorly

18
Q

What are the 2 septa?

A

Septum primum

Septum secundum

19
Q

What septum is flexible and which is more rigid?

A

Septum primum- flexible

Septum secundum- rigid

20
Q

What forms as the septum secundum grows?

A

Foramen ovale

21
Q

In foetal life, is the pressure greater in the pulmonary circulation or the systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation

22
Q

What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

A

It closes and is now called the fossa ovalis

23
Q

What does incomplete closure of the foramen ovale cause?

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

24
Q

What is the function of the interventricular septum?

A

It separates the right from the left ventricle in the adult heart

25
Q

What grows upwards from the expanding ventricle?

A

The muscular portion of the ventricular septum

26
Q

What grows from tissue from the endocardial cushions?

A

Membranous portion of the ventricular septum

27
Q

What can imcomplete closure of the intraventricular septum lead to?

A

Ventral septal defect (VSD)

28
Q

What is the most common and least severe type of VSD?

A

Muscular defects

29
Q

What is the least common and most severe type of VSD?

A

Membranous defects

30
Q

What is linked to the formation of the ventricular septum?

A

The formation of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

31
Q

What are the other cardiac syndromes in which VSD is present in combination with other abnormalites?

A

Excessive resorption of septum primum
Absent septum secundum
Probe patent foramen ovale
Outflow tract defects

32
Q

Describe the anatomy of transposition of great vessels

A

The aorta exits the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk exits the left ventricle

33
Q

What is the problem with the transposition of great vessels?

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped around the body

34
Q

Describe the anatomy of the tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of pulmonary trunk)
Hypertrophy of right ventricle
VSD
Over-riding aorta

Embryology (2 decks)

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