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American History - temporary > Emergence on the World Stage (1912 - 1920) > Flashcards

Emergence on the World Stage (1912 - 1920) Flashcards

1
Q

4ww1

What did President Wilson do for banking?

A
  • Federal Reserve Act 1913:
  • 12 banking districts were created, each under the supervision of a Federal Reserve Board
  • All banks that wanted to participate in this system had to invest 6% of their capital and surplus into the reserve bank
  • This means money is no longer dependent on the amount of gold - greater monetary control potential
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2
Q

2

What were the successes of President Wilson’s banking reforms?

A
  • Banks could use rediscount rates to control the amount of money in circulation
  • By 1923, 70% of the national banking resources were part of the federal reserve system
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3
Q

3

What were the limitations of President Wilson’s banking reforms?

A
  • 30% of national banking resources were not part of the federal reserve
  • Opposed state rights
  • Regional/smaller banks largely existed outside system
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4
Q

5

What were President Wilson’s economic policies?

A
  • Wilson appointed the first secretary of the Department of Labour who helped resolve disputes between capital and labour
  • Reorganised the Department of Agriculture
  • Federal Loan Act 1916
  • Underwood Tariff Act 1913
  • Revenue Act 1916
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5
Q

2

What were the strengths of President Wilson’s economic policies?

A
  • Government received much more income through income tax than it ever did through tariffs
  • Helped fund prohibition
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6
Q

1

What were the weaknesses of President Wilson’s economic policies?

A
  • Some saw income tax an attack on big business/liberty
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7
Q

4

What were President Wilson’s social policies?

A
  • Federal Child Labour Act of 1916
  • Workmen’s Compensation Act 1916
  • Adamson Act 1916
  • 1913 Coal mine strike in Ludlow, Colorado
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8
Q

1

What were the strengths of President Wilson’s social policy?

A

Several bits of reforming legislation

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9
Q

3

What were the weaknesses of President Wilson’s social policy?

A
  • Federal Child Labour Act was ruled unconstitutional in 1918
  • Wilson opposed strikers
  • Adamson Act 1916 only applied to railway workers
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10
Q

3

What were President Wilson’s initial policies on African Americans?

A
  • Initially won support of the NAACP in 1912 election
  • Promised equality
  • Promised to speak out against lynching
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11
Q

2

Describe the Federal Trade Commission

A
  • Formed 1914 to investigate corporations and stop ‘unfair’ practices
  • Under Wilson the FTC administered 400 cease-and desist orders to companies engaged in illegal activity
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12
Q

2

What were the strengths of the FTC

A
  • Did establish the principle of federal regulation
  • Prevented illegal and unfair business acts and gave more power to government
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13
Q

2

What were the weaknesses of the federal trade commission?

A
  • The value of ‘unfair’ was not defined
  • Many felt the federal trade commission was not strong enough
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14
Q

5

Decribe the US war economy during WW1

A
  • US went from debtor nation to creditor nation
  • Agriculture boomed
  • Britain and France depended on US for war supplies
  • Total value of US exports $2.5 billion, 1913 -> $6.2 billion, 1917
  • By the end of 1918, American factories had produced 3.5 million rifles and 20 million artillery rounds
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15
Q

4

Describe how WW1 impacted on the US employment rate

A
  • US unemployment rate dropped from 16.4% in 1914 to 6.3% in 1916:
  • Reduction in immigration due to war
  • Recruitment to the army
  • Increase in production, increased jobs
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16
Q

5

How did the US pay for WW1?

A
  • The total cost of America’s 19 months of combat was $33.5 billion
  • 22% was raised through taxes on corporate profits and high-income earners
  • 20% was raised through the creation of new money
  • 58% was raised through borrowing from the public, mainly through the sale of ‘liberty bonds’
  • 25% inheritance tax introduced
17
Q

3

Describe the role of US federal government during WW1

A
  • Gov established War Industries Board (Set quotas and efficiency standards, and allocated raw materials based on need)
  • Railroads were run as a single centralised system under William G McAdoo
  • 1917 Lever Food and Fuel Control Act set wheat prices, encouraged food production and discouraged food waste.
18
Q

6

Describe how WW1 impacted on American women

A
  • 1 million women helped with the war effort
  • 90,000 served in the US armed forces in Europe, working as clerks, radio operators, chemists and nurses
  • Greater freedoms such as smoking, drinking and going out unchaperoned.
  • Few women in heavy industry (only 6,000 worked in aircraft manufacture)
  • Women’s participation in WW1 had a big impact on the passing of the 19th Amendment
  • Most gains were only temporary and women faced much discrimination
19
Q

4

Describe how WW1 impacted on US industrial relations

A
  • National War Labor Board 1918-19 - mediated industrial disputes
  • The War Labour Policies Board
  • Union membership rose by 2.3 million during the war years
  • Communist Revolution of 1917 led to fear of socialism and a backlash against workers movement, leading to a ‘Red Scare’ in 1919
20
Q

4

Describe the 1919-20 Palmer Raids

A
  • Nov 1919, agents under the orders of Palmer’s justice department raided the offices of ‘radical organisations’ in 12 cities across America
  • Documents seized and suspects arrested
  • Dec 1919, 249 ‘radicals’ deported back to Europe
  • Jan 1920, all known communist party offices shut down after raids in 33 cities
21
Q

5

Describe the aftermath of the Palmer Raids 1919

A
  • Similar action at local and state level
  • ‘Red flag’ laws banned left-wing insignia
  • Vigilante gangs operated against union activists in Washington State and California
  • Red Scare lost momentum during 1920
  • Supreme Court ruled evidence collected during the Palmer raids was illegal and could not be used in prosecution
22
Q

4

Describe the 1919 strikes

A
  • Wave of strike involving 4 million + workers
  • Seattle, Feb 1919, general strike of 60,000 workers
  • September 1919, Boston Police Strike, 75% of police officers on strike
  • Pittsburgh and Chicago, September 1919, ‘Great Steel Strike’ against US Steel, lasted 3 months
23
Q

6

Describe the news laws instituted following the end of WW1

A
  • 1917 Espionage Act (aimed to prevent insubordination at war time. Debs was prosecuted)
  • 1918 Sedition Act (made it a criminal offence to speak out in a way that may harm the war effort)
  • 1918 Immigration Act (US gov power to deport people)
  • 1919 Palmer Raids, deportation of ‘subversives’ (Red Ark)
  • 1921 Emergency Quota Act (limit numbers entering USA)
  • 1924 Immigration Act (extension of 1921 Act, gave gov the legal power to deport people)
24
Q

5

Describe how WW1 effected African Americans

A
  • War for democracy (many African Americans volunteered to serve)
  • Great Migration 330,000 Southern African Americans moved to northern cities
  • Black consciousness
  • Expansion of the NAACP
  • Segregation in the armed force (black soldiers and workers suffered much discrimination)
25
Q

4

Describe racial frictions by 1919

A
  • Large-scale African American migration to the North
  • Industrial labour competition
  • Overcrowding in urban ghettos
  • Greater militancy among black war veterans
26
Q

3

Describe the Red Summer 1919

A
  • 25 race riots throughout the US
  • Southern revival of Ku Klux Klan: 64 lynchings (1918) to 83 lynchings (1919)
  • Chicago Race Riot 1919 - most severe - 38 died (23 black, 15 white)
27
Q

1

What was the Federal Loan Act 1916?

A

Federal Loan Act 1916 provided low-cost loans to farmers

28
Q

3

What was the Federal Child Labour Act 1916?

A
  • limited working hours for child labour
  • barred goods made by child labour from interstate commerce
  • 2 years later it was ruled unconstitutional.
29
Q

1

What was the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1916?

A
  • Ensured federal employees who were absent from work because of illness or injury received financial support.
30
Q

1

What was the Adamson Act?

A

Introduced 8 hour working day for railroad workers.

31
Q

4

What happened at the 1913 coal mine strike in Colorado?

A
  • 1913 Coal mine strike in Ludlow
  • The Colorado National Guard members formed anti-strike militia that killed 26
  • Watershed moment in labour relations
  • Wilson sent federal troops to break up the strike only after 10 days of violence
32
Q

3

Describe the Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914

A
  • Gave more powers to those enforcing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
  • Made certain business practices illegal
  • Gompers, president of the AFL, saw value to workers in the Act - dubbed it the Magna Carta for labour.
33
Q

2

Describe the Underwood Tariff Act 1913

A
  • reduced average tariffs from 40% to 27%
  • introduced federal income tax
34
Q

2

Describe the Revenue Act 1916

A
  • raised lower income tax rate from 1% to 2%
  • 15% on earnings above $2m
35
Q

Describe the practices made illegal by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

A
  • price discrimination to foster monopolies over industries
  • ‘tying arrangements’ forbidding retailers from handling rivals products
  • creation of ‘interlocking directorates’ to control companies that caused competition

Note: interlocking directorates - member of one company’s board serves on rival’s board or within management structure

36
Q

5

Describe Wilson’s policies on African Americans as President

A
  • Placed segregationists in charge of federal agencies
  • Opposed federal anti-lynching legislation
  • Appointed white southerners to his cabinet
  • Supported segregated facilities
  • Screened Birth of the Nation at 2WH, 2015
37
Q

3

Describe an example of racists in Wilson’s Cabinet

A
  • Josephus Daniels - Sec of Navy
  • notorious white supremacist
  • counted among leaders of Wilmington Massacre 1898
38
Q

2

Describe the Smith-Lever Act 1914

A
  • Created federal-state cooperative extension programme to provide education to public on agricultural and natural resources
  • Helped farmers learn new techniques
39
Q

Describe the 1921 Emergency Quota Act

A

Restricted number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of residents from that country living in USA according to 1910 census

American History - temporary (11 decks)

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