Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 4220 > Emotional Development > Flashcards

Emotional Development Flashcards

1
Q

5 Components of Emotion

A
  1. Neural Responses
  2. Physiological factors
  3. Subjective Feelings/ Cognitions
  4. Emotional Expressions
  5. Desire to act
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discrete Emotions Theory

A
  1. Emotions are innate
  2. Emotions are paired with distinct and specific set of bodily and facial expressions
  3. Emotional responses are automatic and don’t require much cognitive thought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Emotion Regulation

A

How emotions relate to cognitions and behavior and social interactions.

Set of conscious and unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Emotion Regulation in Young Infants

A

Parent’s help regulate their emotions because young infants are unable to fix the problems themselves.

This is called co-regulation: externally control emotional states of infants
-caregiver’s provide needed comfort or distraction to help reduce their child’s distress

  1. Soothing (holding, rocking, caressing and showing affectionate behavior to calm a crying 2-mo old
  2. Distraction (talking, singing, shushing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Co-regulation

A

Emotional states of young infants are externally controlled by their caregivers.

Use of soothing and distraction to help reduce distress of their child.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Four Components of Emotional Regulation

A

Initiating, inhibiting, or modulating:

  1. Internal feeling states
    -if feeling sad-inhibit that feeling or try to change your feelings to be happy
  2. Emotion-related cognitions
    -think happy thoughts
    -inhibit bad thoughts
    -change mindset to think in positive way
  3. Emotion-related physiological processes
    -modulating breathing to calm yourself
    -“take a deep breath”
  4. Emotion-related behavior
    -smile more, do things that make you happy
    -remove yourself from situations that make you feel bad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Self-comforting behaviors

A

A strategy that infants use to regulate emotions in adversely arousing or uncertain situations.

-repetitive actions that regulate arousal
-proving mildly positive physical sensation

ex: sucking thumb, rubbing hands together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Self-distraction

A

A strategy that infants use to regulate emotions in adversely arousing or uncertain situations.

-looking away from upsetting stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Strategies that infants use to regulate emotions in adversely arousing or uncertain situations.

A
  1. Self-comforting behaviors
  2. Self-Distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Development of Emotional Regulation from infancy to early childhood

A
  1. Caregiver regulation- parent controls child’s emotional state through soothing, distracting, and limiting overstimulation
  2. Dyadic/Co-regulation- parent and child work together to help manage child’s experience.
  3. Self-regulaton
    self soothing -> distraction -> cognitive strategies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the development in Self-Regulation from infancy to young childhood

A
  1. Starts with self-soothing (sucking thumb)
  2. Distracting (playing)
  3. Cognitive strategies later on– control emotional response by downplaying upsetting actions of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social Competence

A

Set of skills that allows people to achieve good social interactions and maintain positive relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Study Findings that relate Emotion Regulation and Social Competence

A

Better emotion regulation
-inhibit bad behaviors
-delay gratification (self-control)
-use cognitive methods to control behavior
-deal with stressful situations by negotiating solutions to resolve conflict, plan strategies to resolve upsetting situations, seek social support
-Better behaved
-Better able to pay attention
-Better liked by teachers and peers -> like school better

They are well adjusted and liked by their peers and adults. They do better in school!!!

Those who cannot regulate emotions are at higher risk of being victims of bullying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two Influences on Emotion Regulation

A
  1. Temperament
  2. Parenting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are indirect and direct ways parents can influence their children’s emotional development?

A

Indirect- modeling emotion
-how the parent’s themselves express emotion

Direct
-Parent’s reactions to childs emotions (reinforces)
-emotion coaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Parent’s expression of emotion teach children?

A

When and how to express emotion

-what types of emotional expressions are appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain what happens in Families where the Parents tend to NOT express emotion

A

Children recieve the message that emotion is bad

Think that emotions should be avoided and supressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does Happiness in the home and when mother’s express positive emotions to children impact their development?

A

-children express happiness
-socially skilled
-well adjusted
-low in agression
-able to understand others’ emotions
-high in self-esteem
-better their children are in understanding emotion display rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Consequences of Negative Emotions (Anger) in household on child development

A

-children have low levels of social competence
-experience and express negative emotions (depression and anxiety)
-inc liklihood of developing anger and behavior problems, have deficits in social competence, and issues in self-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Findings of Still-Face Experiment

A

-infants quickly become distressed when mothers’ don’t display emotion or react to their emotional expressions

-Steep decrease in time looking at mom (self-distraction)

-Emotional distress increases during still-face episodes
-More intense distress in 2nd still-face episode

Signigicance:
-even at few months of age, infants are attuned to mothers’ emotional expression and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Summary of Still-Face

A

A study was performed to see how young infants react to their mother’s facial expressions. In this experiment, there was alternating 2 minute periods in which the infant’s mother would display happiness and play and then 2 minute blocks of still-face expression (no interaction-no reaction). They measured how much time the infants spent looking at their mother’s face in both conditions. They found that during the still-faced episodes, the amount of time infants spent looking at their mothers significantly decreased and the amount of distress significantly increased especially in the second still-faced episode. The decrease in time looking at mom illustrates the self-distraction strategy to decrease distress. Overall, this study is important in finding how attuned infants are to their mothers expression and behavior and how they experience distress when their mothers do not react as expected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emotion Socialization

A

infuence parents have on their child’s standards, values, ways of thinking and feeling.

-they socialize with their children’s emotional development through
–reacting to child’s expression of emotion
–discussions with child (emotion coaching)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Emotion coaching

A

parents and children talk about past negative emotions and emphasize connections bewteen emotions and cognitions
-help them regulate their emotional arousal
-help them find ways to express their emotions in a positive way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

Interviewed parents + identified 9 characteristics of children

They derived 3 types of infants
1. easy babies
2. difficult babies
3. slow to warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rothbart

A

5 dimensions of temperament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Five Dimensions of Temperament by Rothbart

A
  1. Fear
  2. Distress/Anger/Frustration
  3. Attention span
  4. Activity Level
  5. Smiling and Laughter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Kagan and Behavior Inhibition

A

Tendency to restrain or restrict approach to novel stimuli

28
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

Degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

29
Q

Differential Susceptibility

A

A circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to harsh home environments also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive.

30
Q

At what age do infants distinguist facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger?

A

3 months

31
Q

At what age do babies exhibit different patterns of brain waves when they observe fearful and angry facial expressions?

A

7 months

32
Q

What are the results for the experiment that wanted to find when children develop the ability to relate facial expressions of emotions and emotional tones of voices to events in the environment?

12-14 month olds
vs
16-18 month olds

A

16-18 months old : strongly prefer the toys associated with surprise and happy faces and strongly avoided toys associated with anger and fear

33
Q

Social referencing

A

Use of parents’ facial expression to decide how to deal with new stimuli

34
Q

Use of social referencing requires what?

A

Rudimentary theory of mind

35
Q

At what age are they skilled at labeling happiness?

At what age can they label anger, fear, and sadness?

A

2 year olds- happy emotions

4 year olds- negative emotions

36
Q

What age do children realize that emotions people express may no reflect true feelinga?

A

3

37
Q

Motives for Display Rules

A

1) Self-protective
2) Prosocial

38
Q

Better ability to recognize false emotions can be attributed to growing understanding of what?

A

display rules

39
Q

Explain how gender relates to differences in display rules

A

girls are more expressive and more likely to use prosocial display rules

40
Q

Self-protective Display Rule

A

Masking and emotion as a self-protective measure

ex: pretending not to be afraid to approaching bully

41
Q

Prosocial display rule

A

Stimulating an emotion, typically in order to be nice to someone else

ex: pretending to love your aunt’s coooking

42
Q

What age do children use social smiles? What is purpose of social smiling?

A

3 months old

Occur during interactions with parents and the parents tend to have a delightful, show interest and affection.

Which in turn inspires more social smiling from infant.

Infants early social smiles promotes care from parents and other adults.

43
Q

Humor is closely tied with _____ development

A

Cognitive

44
Q

Initial signs of fear appear at what age?

A

7 months

45
Q

Timeline for Fear of Strangers

A

7 months- 2 years

46
Q

Separation anxiety

A

-emerges at 8 months
-declines at 15 months

feelings of distress in children– experience when they are separated from individuals they are emotionally attached to.

47
Q

Which theory of emotional development supports the “nature” interpretation?

A

Discrete emotions

48
Q

What best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?

A

The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life.

49
Q

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?

A

Discrete emotions theory

50
Q

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions ?

A

Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of self as separate from others.

51
Q

How would a 12 month old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion?

A

The infant would be likely to move closer to the novel stimuli.

(social referencing)

52
Q

_______ refers to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression.

A

Display rules

53
Q

An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ____.

A

Co-regulation

54
Q

A decreased reliance on self-conforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor behavior, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed all results from developments in

A

emotion regulation

55
Q

Which of the following is not one of the 5 key dimensions of temperament, according to Mary Rothbart?
a. Disgust
b. smiling
c. Attention span
d. Fear

A

a

56
Q

Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?

A

Genes and environment play EQUAL roles in determining temperament

57
Q

Researchers conductingTronick’s famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. This response is an example of what?

A

Self-distraction`

58
Q

What are the two components of mental health?

A

c. Internal well-being and external relationships

59
Q

Two 6-year-old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the libary. Sam grabs a book from shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these two boys have to this situation illustrate

A

goodness of fit

60
Q

Chronic high-level stress that is experiences without the mitigating benefits of support or treatment is referred to as ____ stress.

A

Toxic stress

61
Q

The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ____.

A

equifinality

62
Q

How might differences in children’s cognitive abilities contribute to (a) the emotions they display and (b) their understanding of emotions?

What other factors might contribute to children’s understanding of their own and others’ emotions?

A

Children’s cognitive abilities significantly influence the emotions they display. For example, younger children display simpler, basic emotions such as joy or distress. While, older children display self-conscious emotions such as pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride. Thus ability develops with theory of mind and the child’s awareness of self and others appraisal.

Children with better emotion regulation skills display more appropriate behaviors. Cognitive growth including language developments aids in understanding emotions better.

Other factors that contribute to a child’s understanding is:
-parenting- modeling how to express emotion
-emotion-coaching

-cultural factors: varying rules for displaying emotion

63
Q

List at least five aspects of children’s temperament. What aspects of adults personality might each predict?

A

-attention span and persistance
**children who are persistant are more likely to grow into determined, goal-oriented adults.

-activity level: may predict an adult’s energy level and preference for active or sedentary lifestyles

-fearful distress

-positive affect

64
Q

Suppose that you wanted to assess changes with age in children’s regulation of emotion. Think of five different tasks you could use in early childhood, which would better reflect changes at older ages?

A
65
Q

How might advances in children’s understanding of theory of mind relate to their understanding of emotion? What aspects of understanding emotion might be mostly associated with an understanding of theory of mind?

A
66
Q

Imagine that you are devising an intervention that will enhance children’s emotional development in the preschool years. On what

A

Psych 4220 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions