endo physio

Question 1

GnRH pathway

Answer 1

+ FSH & LH
>gonads
F- estrogen + progesteron
M- testosterone

Question 2

GHRH pathway

Answer 2

+GH
>prot synth + metab

Question 3

SS pathway

Answer 3

• GH
  >inhib prot synth and metab

Question 4

TRH pathway

Answer 4

+TSH
>secr T3 and T4

Question 5

DA pathway

Answer 5

-prolactin
>breast development and milk production

Question 6

CRH pathway

Answer 6

+ACTH
> secretes cortisol in adrenal

Question 7

h-pit-thy axis

Answer 7

stimuli > hypo-trh > ap-tsh >
thy-t3 & t4 > inhib abv
target cells

Question 8

iodine trap

Answer 8

controlled by tsh and nak atpase agaisnt conc and elect gradient

ACTIVE extraction and conservation of the small amount of i from the blood in the colloid

Question 9

steps of thy h prod totc

Answer 9

i trapped
memb bound peroxidase convert iodide to iodine (reactive form)
thyroglob synthesized
oxid coupling > iodine binds to tyrosine to form t3 or t4 (mostly 4)

totc - trap-oxid-thyrglob-coupling

Question 10

pinocytosis

Answer 10

colloid droplets enter follicular cells containing the trapped i

Question 11

exocytosis

Answer 11

uniondinated thyroglob passes from follicular cell to colloid

Question 12

proteolysis

Answer 12

proteolytic degradation of thyroglob

Question 13

t3 and t4 transp in blood

Answer 13

mostly tbg
tbpa - low aff for t4 no aff for t3
albumin

Question 14

thy h effects on heat

Answer 14

inc o2 consump and heat prod
adaptation to cold environ
calorigenesis

Question 15

t3 and t4 affects on post natal devel

Answer 15

def leads to dec prot synth, myelinogen and retarded axonal ramification
> irreversible compromised - cretinism

Question 16

cretinism

Answer 16

congen iod def synd

Question 17

t3 and t4 affects on gh

Answer 17

gh sec is red by absence of thy h
def in thy h > red in gh action because of permissive effect
dwarfism

Question 18

thy h affects on carb metab

Answer 18

inc hepatic glycogenolysis
inc abs of gluc
directly break down insulin
lipolytic to inc glucose

Question 19

incretins defn and role

Answer 19

gut hormones secr minutes after eating that reg insulin secr
glp and gip
rapidly deactivated by enzyme dpp 4

Question 20

whipples triad

Answer 20

symptoms of hypoglycemia
documented hypoglycemia during symptoms
prompt reversal of symptoms with restoration of euglycaemia

Question 21

specific tube for blood glucose sample

Answer 21

fluoride citrate tube that contains enzyme thst stops glycolysis within the sample

Question 22

cortisol physio role

Answer 22

stress h
forms gluc from non carb
maintains glycogen reserves
inc blood gluc
in hep gluconeogenesis

anti insulin affect
deaminates aa to yield glucose

Question 23

excess cortisol affect on prot metab

Answer 23

prot catab inc
inhibs uptake and prot synth
result in severe muscle wasting

Question 24

effects of cortisol on lipid metab

Answer 24

promotes lypolysis
generates ffa for gluconeogenesis

Question 25

cortisol deficiency / excess

Answer 25

def- depresses cerebral activity causing apathy and lassitude
ex- euphoria, insomia, hyperactivity

Question 26

pharm actions of cortisol

Answer 26

inhib normal immune resp ie eosin, baso, lympho, antibods - therefore used in grafts and transplants, acute lymphocyte leukemia

antinflam - RA
antiallergic

Question 27

adrenal insuff mineral affects

Answer 27

hypona
hyperk

Question 28

panc cell type and secr

Answer 28

AG BI DS PP
a - glucagon
b - insulin
d - somatostatin
p - pancreatic polypep

Question 29

insulin action on cells

Answer 29

insulin binds to insulin receptor
signaling cascade
intracellular glut 4 mobilize to memb
allowing glucose to enter

Question 30

factors stim insl secr

Answer 30

aa
entry of carbs
fa
vagal inn

Question 31

factors that inhib insulin secr

Answer 31

fasting
gh cortisol etc
diazoxide, colchicine etc

Question 32

prog and oest affect on insulin receptors

Answer 32

inhib to prevent mother from becoming hypoglyc
>gest dbt