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Human A&P 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endocrine System

A

A scattered collection of ductless glands and individual cells that secrete chemical messengers called hormones

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2
Q

Define Hormones

A

Chemicals that alter the metabolism of specific cells called their target cells

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3
Q

Define target cells

A

Peripheral cells that respond to a particular hormone because they have specific receptors for those hormones

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4
Q

Define Hormone Receptors

A

A protein in the plasma membrane, or within the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell. The hormone needs to to it’s specific receptor to trigger a response from the target cell

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5
Q

List the pure endocrine glands

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas

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6
Q

List organs with secondary endocrine function

A

Heart, thymus, adipose tissue, digestive tract, kidneys, gonads (testes in men; ovaries in women)

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7
Q

Along with the endocrine, what is the other regulatory system in the body?

A

The nervous system

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8
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

They both use chemical substances as messages. Nervous systems chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. Endocrine systems chemical messengers are called hormones. They both need receptors on target cells/organs.

The nervous systems’ target cells/organs are across a small synapse, while endocrine’s can be anywhere in the body. Neurotransmitters often act within milliseconds with the effects only lasting a very short time (milliseconds). Hormones may take minutes to days to act and their effects may last minutes, hours, days, months…very long periods of time.

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9
Q

What is the primary difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands use duct that catch the secretions, and endocrine is ductless.

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10
Q

An endocrine gland releases a hormone into the

A

Surrounding extracellular fluid (a lot of times into the blood stream)

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11
Q

1st step to the mechanism of hormone action

A
  1. Endocrine cells receive and respond to stimuli (changes) which led to the release of the chemical messengers.
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12
Q

2nd step of the mechanism of hormone action

A
  1. Hormones are released into the extracellular fluid and may act on local cells or the hormones will diffuse into the blood and travel around the body
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13
Q

3rd step in the mechanism of hormone action

A
  1. The hormones will only act on their target cells, cells which have the matching receptors for the hormones
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14
Q

4th step in the mechanism of hormone action

A
  1. This results in a change in activity in the target cells
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15
Q

These hormones can be made of a single, modified amino acid or a polymer of amino acids and are large molecules

A

Hormones made of amino acids

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16
Q

What class of hormones cannot enter their target cells? Where are their receptors located?

A

Hormones made of amino-acids. Their receptors are located on the plasma membrane.

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17
Q

What class of hormone is able to enter their target cells? And where are the receptors located?

A

Hormones made of steroids. Their receptors are located inside the target cells.

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18
Q

Hormones made from steroids are…

A

Derived from cholesterol and are thus types of lipids

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19
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A

In the diencephalon, just inferior to the thalamus

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20
Q

Structure of the hypothalamus

A

Composed of collections of cell bodies of neurons

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21
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus ?

A

Infundibulum

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22
Q

The pituitary gland also known as the ….., is composed of 2 lobes.

A

Hypophysis

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23
Q

The anterior lobe is composed of ……. cells.

A

Endocrine

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24
Q

What is the vascular structure that delivers hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary lobe.

A

Capillaries

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25
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones are released from the ….. and travel to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q

Releasing hormones, also known as ….. hormones, cause the release of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary.

A

Tropic

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27
Q

The posterior pituitary is composed of ….. of neurons located in the hypothalamus

A

Axons

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28
Q

What is the name of the bundle of axons if these hypothalamic neurons that travel through the infundibulum?

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

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29
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

Anterior neck; inferior to the “Adam’s Appel” of the larynx

30
Q

Thyroid gland macroscopic anatomy

A

Two lobes connected by a more narrow isthmus

31
Q

What is the follicle in the thyroid gland?

A

A spherical structure lined by follicular cells surrounding a central area where a viscous fluid called colloid is located

32
Q

What is the colloid in the thyroid gland?

A

A viscous fluid that stores the thyroid hormone precursors

33
Q

Where are parafollicular cells (c-cells) located? What do they release ?

A

Located outside of the follicles. Release the calcitonin hormone.

34
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroid hormone T3 (triiodothyronine)
Thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine)

35
Q

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?

A

Binding of hormones increases cellular metabolism

36
Q

Calcitonin’s stimulus for release

A

Blood calcium levels are high

37
Q

Calcitonin’s target cell

A

Bone cells and osteoblasts

38
Q

Calcitonin’s effect of hormone

A

Increase new bone matrix formation

39
Q

Parathyroid gland location

A

Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

40
Q

Parathyroid gland gross anatomy

A

4 small spherical glands

41
Q

Hormone produced in the parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

42
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulus for release

A

Blood calcium levels are low

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone target cells and effect

A

Kidney - increase calcium reabsorption
Bones - increase osteoclasts activity
Intestines - increase calcium absorption

44
Q

Parathyroid hormone is the most common hormonal regulator for ….

A

Increasing blood calcium

45
Q

Adrenal glands location

A

Superior to each kidney

46
Q

Adrenal gland’s macroscopic anatomy

A

Pyramidal shape with cortex-outer region; medulla-center of gland

47
Q

The cortex of the adrenal gland is composed of …. regions

A

3

48
Q

The cortex produces hormones that are collectively called the……

A

Corticosteroids

49
Q

List the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gondocorticoids

50
Q

What is the medulla composed of?

A

Modified , sympathetic postganglionic neurons

51
Q

What two hormones are produced by the medulla?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

52
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

LUQ; in the “J” shaped loop between the stomach and the proximal part of the small intestine

53
Q

Describe the pancreas head

A

Wider, more medically located; surrounded by part of the small intestine called the duodenum

54
Q

Describe the pancreas body

A

The middle mass of the pancreas

55
Q

Describe the pancreas tail

A

More narrow, laterally located; abuts the spleen

56
Q

The endocrine structure in the pancreas are called the

A

Pancreatic islets

57
Q

Cells produced by the pancreas

A

Alpha cells and Beta cells

58
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

A

Glucagon and Insulin

59
Q

Glucagon stimulus for release

A

Low blood glucose levels

60
Q

Insulin stimulus for release

A

High blood glucose levels

61
Q

Glucagon target cells/effect

A

Stimulate the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscles to free glucose and increase blood glucose levels

62
Q

Insulin target cells/effect

A

Helping glucose enter many cells of the body; leading to a decrease in blood glucose levels

63
Q

The two pancreatic hormones are vital for the homeostatic regulation of …… levels in the blood

A

Glucose

64
Q

Pancreatic hormones control the blood glucose level by the process of …..

A

Negative feedback

65
Q

What is the most common disease associated with an endocrine disorder?

A

Diabetes mellitus

66
Q

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes cause and treatment

A

Cause - high blood glucose levels
Treatment - Diabetes medication, Blood sugar monitoring, Insulin pills, Insulin injections, or Insulin patch

67
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes

68
Q

Primary hormone produced by the testes

A

Testosterone

69
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Controls production of sperm and the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male

70
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries

71
Q

Primary hormone produced by ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

72
Q

Functions of the ovarian hormones

A

Estrogen controls follicle maturation and the development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

Human A&P 2 (2 decks)

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