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Anatomy and physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system uses what to travel through blood to target sites?

A

Chemical messengers (hormones)

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2
Q

Steroids

A

A hormone made from cholesterol

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3
Q

Amino acid based hormones:

A

Amines, peptide, protein

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4
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Local hormones made from lipids

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5
Q

What can hormones affect?

A

Target cells/organs

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6
Q

Target cells/organs have:

A

Specific protein receptors

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7
Q

What does binding do?

A

Alters cellular activity

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8
Q

Direct gene activation (steroid/thyroid hormones)

A

A hormone action
Diffuse through plasma membrane
Enter nucleus and bind to specific DNA sites
Activate genes to make new proteins

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9
Q

Second messenger system

A

A hormone action where the hormone binds to a membrane receptor which activates enzyme. That enzyme produces 2nd messenger to effect more changes in

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10
Q

What are hormone levels mostly maintained by?

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

Hormone stimuli

A

Most common hormone release
Other hormones activate endocrine organs

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12
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Hormone release caused by changes in ion/nutrient levels in the blood

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13
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Hormone release that is mostly sympathetic nerve fibers

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14
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master endocrine gland with two functional lobes: anterior (glandular) and posterior (nervous tissue)

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15
Q

Two separate endocrine functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. Produces tropical hormones to hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary
  2. Neurosecretlarh cells make hormones to axon terminals located in posterior popularity for storage
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16
Q

What is true of all anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Proteins/peptides and act through 2nd messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli and negative feedback

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17
Q

Growth hormone

A

General metabolic hormone

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18
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
Function unknown in males

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries and sperm development in testes

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20
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

An anterior pituitary gland tropic hormone that triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

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21
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland tropic hormone that influences growth/activity of thyroid gland

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22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary gland tropic hormones that regulates endocrine activity of adrenal cortex

23
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland make hormones?

A

No, it only releases them

24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate uterine contractions. Also causes milk let down in women

25
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

A

Released by the posterior pituitary gland
Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
In large amounts causes vasoconstriction
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

26
Q

Pineal gland

A

Hangs from roof of brains 3rd ventricle
Secretes melatonin
Triggers the body’s sleep/wake cycle

27
Q

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

A

Major metabolic hormone
Needed for tissue growth and development
Controls rate of glucose oxidation

28
Q

T3

A

Thyroid hormone that is more active, faster onset, smaller amount

29
Q

T4

A

Thyroid hormone that is less active, slower onset, larger amount, can convert to T3

30
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood Ca2+ (PTH antagonist)

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Increased blood Ca2+ (calcitonin antagonist)
Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
Stimulates kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium

32
Q

Thymus gland

A

Largest in infants/kids. Atrophies with age
Has Thymosin that matures T cells (WBC-lymphocyte)

33
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer region of the adrenal gland
Corticosteroids

34
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner neural tissue region of the adrenal gland
Catecholamines

35
Q

Where are cortex hormones (mineralocorticoids) produced?

A

Outer layer of the adrenal cortex

36
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Mostly aldosterone
Regulates salt content of blood
Regulates water and electrolyte balance
Target organ is kidneys

37
Q

Aldosterone is stimulated by:

A

Humoral factors- low sodium or potassium
Hormonal factor- ACTH
RAAS system due to decrease in blood pressure

38
Q

What is aldosterone inhibited by?

A

Atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP) from atrial stretch due to increased BP

39
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Produces in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
Cortisone- inactive
Cortisol- stress hormone (active)
Resists long term stressors by increasing blood glucose
Anti-inflammatory properties
Released in response to ACTH

40
Q

Cortex hormones (adrenal sex hormones)

A

Produced in inner layer of cortex
Small amounts made throughout life
Mostly androgens (male)
Some estrogens (female)

41
Q

Catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla hormone
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Fight or flight hormones for short term stress
Increased heart rate, BP, and blood glucose
Dilates small passageways in lungs

42
Q

Pancreas

A

Mixed gland (endocrine and experimenter)

43
Q

Pancreatic islets (langerhans)

A

Glucagon and insulin

44
Q

Insulin pertaining to the pancreas

A

Beta cells decrease blood glucose

45
Q

Glucagon pertaining to pancreas

A

Alpha cells increase blood glucose (liver)

46
Q

Estrogen

A

Stimulates development of secondary female characteristics
Thickens endometrium, thins cervical mucus
Regulated by FSH

47
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares breasts for lactation
Prepares endometrium
Thickens cervical mucus
Helps embryo implant
Regulated by LH

48
Q

Testes

A

Produce several androgens, testosterone being most important

49
Q

Testosterone

A

Male secondary sex characteristics
Required for sperm cell production
Regulated by FSH and LH

50
Q

Nonendocrine tissues and organs that secrete hormones

A

Stomach
Sma intestine
Kidneys
Heart

51
Q

Placenta

A

Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy

52
Q

hCG

A

Maintained embryo until placenta can take over

53
Q

Relaxin

A

Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

Anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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