Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
what is a pituitary adenoma
a tumor of glandular tissue that is on the pituitary gland
most common cause of pituitary dysfunction
what are the types of pituitary adenomas
prolactinoma: excess PRL non-functioning: no hormones secreted Somatotropinoma: excess GH Corticotropinoma: excess ACTH Thyrotropinoma: excess TSH
what is a pituitary apoplexy? what are the symptoms?
what is it caused by?
sudden loss of vascular supply to pituitary gland leading to chronic hypopituitarism
HA and VFD + syncope, N/V, ophthalmoplegia, Diplopia, blurred vision, papilledema
can be caused by: pituitary adenoma, pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage(sheehan’s syndrome), shock, sickle cell or DM
what are the associated diseases with hyperpituitarism
Gigantism vs Acromegaly (excess GH)
Cushing’s Disease: due to pituitary adenoma leading to excess ACTH – excess cortisol (increases blood sugar and decreases immune system)
Cushing’s Syndrome: increased cortisol levels leading to moon face, bruised skin atrophy, truncal obesity, mood disorders DUE TO adrenal adenoma, carcinoma, exogenous steroid use (prednisone)
Pheochromocytoma: excess catecholamines from tumor in adrenal medulla of kidney
90% unilateral + benign
HTN, HA, flushing, tachycardia, SNS input
Associated with VHL Syndrome where individual lacks the TSG leading to tumorgenesis
what are the diseases associated with hypopituitarism
Dwarfism: decreased GH (disproportionate)
Addison’s Disease: lowered cortisol and aldosterone levels and ACTH
- caused by autoimmune disease (80%)
- adrenal insufficiency at 90% destruction of adrenal gland
- dx with ACTH injection (look for spike)
Diabetes Insipidius: lowered ADH so you cannot concentrate urine leading to polydipsia, polyuria, and dehydration
what can lead to hypopituitarism
pituitary tumor, infarctions, sheehans, radiation, sx
what are the symptoms of low cortisol
hyperpigmentation, vitiligo, hypoglycemia, and weak
what are the symptoms of low aldosterone
low sodium, potassium, calcium, and hypotension
what is hypothyroidism and its effects
too little T3/T4 and High TSH – more common than hyperthyroidism
Lowered BMR leads to lethargy, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, cold intolerance
Hashimotos: autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid damage (#1 cause in US vs iodine deficiency in world)
what are the ocular symptoms of hypothyroidism
outer 1/3 eyebrows are missing, exophthalmos, and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
what is hyperthyroidism and its effects?
what is it caused by mostly?
too much T3/T4 and little TSH (not as common as hypothyroidism)
Caused by Graves Disease: autoimmune disease that has b cells make antibodies against TSH receptor and increases TH production leading to Goiter, heat intolerance, tachycardia, increased appetite, decreased weight and increased BMR
- associated with TED
Benign Toxic Nodular Goiter, Excess Iodine, Thyroiditis, Pituitary Adenoma
what does the parathyroid gland do
4 pea-sized glands on posterior thyroid gland to detect low serum calcium levels and secretes PTH
PTH: increases osteoclast activity, increases calcium reabsorption and uptake
what happens in hyperparathyroidism?
what is it caused by?
ocular manifestations?
too much PTH: usually asymptomatic or osteoporosis, subperiosteal absorption, kidney stones
caused by adenoma (85%) or parathyroid hyperplasia or carcinoma
OCULAR: band keratopathy and conjunctival concretions
what happens in hypoparathyroidism
too little PTH: symptoms bc of hypocalcemia which are muscle cramps, paresthesia, brittle nails, dry skin, abdominal pain
can lead to cataracts
caused by neck surgery > autoimmune > idiopathic
what is the pineal gland responsible for?
in the posterior midbrain section that produces melatonin to control circadian rhythms and is inhibited during day and stimulated at night
