endocrine hap 1

Question 1

pineal gland

Answer 1

• location- brain

- hormones- melatonin-involved in biological rythms (daily and seasonal)

Question 2

anterior pituitary

Answer 2

• location-brain
• hormones- growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Lutenizing hormone (LH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (THS), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Question 3

growth hormone (GH)

Answer 3

stimulates growth of muscles, bones and metabolism. (AP)

Question 4

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 4

stimulates milk production (AP)

Question 5

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 5

stimulates production of ova and sperm (AP)

Question 6

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Answer 6

stimulates ova (egg release) and testes (AP)

Question 7

Thyroid stimulating hormone (THS)

Answer 7

stimulates thyroid gland (AP)

Question 8

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Answer 8

stimuates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocortoids (AP)

Question 9

posterior pituitary

Answer 9

• location
• hormones- oxytocin-stim contraction of uterus and ‘let down’ of milk.
• anti-diuretic hormone-promotes retention of water by kidneys

Question 10

thyroid gland

Answer 10

location-neck

• hormones- thyroid hormone, calctonin
• thyroid hormone-stimulates metabolism
• calcitonin- reduces blood calcium levels

Question 11

parathyroid gland

Answer 11

location-neck

-hormones-parathyroid hormone- raises blood calcium levels

Question 12

adrenal glands/ medulla

Answer 12

location-kidney

hormones-epinephrine/ nonepinephrine- raise blood glucose level

Question 13

adrenal cortex

Answer 13

location- kidney

hormones-glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Question 14

glucocorticoids- adrenal cortex

Answer 14

increase blood glucose

Question 15

mineralocorticoids- adrenal cortex

Answer 15

increase re-absorption of of Na+ and excretion of K+

Question 16

pancreas

Answer 16

insulin-reduces blood glucose

glucagon-raises blood glucose

Question 17

testes

Answer 17

testosterone- supports sperm formation, develops male secondary sex characteristics.

Question 18

ova

Answer 18

estrogen-stimulates uterine lining growth and other female sex characteristics
progesterone- promotes growth of uterine lining

Question 19

blood glucose regulation-low glucose levels

Answer 19

stimulates alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas. These release glucagon into blood, glucagon targets liver which breaks down glycogen in order to release glucose into the blood

Question 20

blood glucose regulation- high glucose levels

Answer 20

Stimulates beta cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas. These release insulin into blood. The liver will take up glucose and store it as glycogen . The body cells will also utilize glucose for energy.

Question 21

Endocrine

Answer 21

works with the nervous system to direct and co-ordinate cell activity. Nearly all biological functions are affected by hormones.

Question 22

ductless glands

Answer 22

release there hormones directly into surrounding tissues in particular blood and lymph vessels.

Question 23

hormone

Answer 23

travels in blood- endocrine equivalent of neurotransmitters-made in glands or organs- purpose is to travel to a specific destination and activate/do something

Question 24

difference between nervous system and endocrine

Answer 24

nervous system-

• fast communication
• neurotransmitters
• unstable and breakdown quickly

Endocrine
-slow
-long-term  response
-hormones 
are stable

Question 25

endocrine gland

Answer 25

ductless gland (no passageway) that epties specific hormones into blood.

Question 26

hormone

Answer 26

chemical that travels in the blood carrying a message for specific cells (chemical messages)

Question 27

target cell

Answer 27

is a cell with a receptor that matches that matches a specific hormone.

Question 28

amino acid based hormone

Answer 28

Don’t enter cells easily as not lipid soluble so they bind to a receptor on plasma membrane and a ‘second messenger is triggered’. Faster acting than steroid.

Question 29

steroid based hormone

Answer 29

Steroid hormones are cholesterol, lipid–based
Therefore they easily diffuse through the cell membrane due to the many phospholipids present
e.g. adrenal cortex and sex hormones.
-fat soluble
-receptors are inside the cell

Question 30

hormone realease stimuli- hormonal

Answer 30

endocrine glands are prodded into action by other hormones e.g. hypothalamus secretes hormones which stimulate anterior pituitary to release hormones

Question 31

hormone release- humoral

Answer 31

fluid- changes in ion and nutrient levels in blood trigger a release. e.g low concentration of Calcium in blood stimulates parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone.

Question 32

hormone release-neural

Answer 32

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and target cells respond to neural stimuli

Question 33

What are the two main types of hormone?

Answer 33

The two main types of hormone are steroid based and amino acid (protein) based.

Question 34

Which type of hormone can freely pass through a cell membrane?

Answer 34

Because steroids are lipid soluble they can pass through cell membranes.

Question 35

Define the terms ‘target cell’ and ‘receptor’.

Answer 35

A target cell is a cell which expresses the receptor for a hormone. A hormone has to bind to a
receptor either on the cell membrane or inside the cell to have any effect on the cell.

Question 36

Which two hormones provide short-term regulation of blood glucose?

Answer 36

Homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels is achieved by the combined action of the two
protein based hormones, Insulin and Glucagon.

Question 37

Which two hormones provide short-term regulation of blood calcium?

Answer 37

Homeostatic regulation of blood calcium levels is achieved by the combined action of the two
protein based hormones, Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin.

Question 38

Name two steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 38

The adrenal cortex produces three type of steroid hormone: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids,
and cortical steroids. Two examples are aldosterone (the main mineralocorticoid), and cortisol (the
main glucocorticoid).

Question 39

Steroid hormones exert their action by:

Answer 39

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene.