endocrine hap 2

Question 1

growth hormone

Answer 1

Anterior Pituitary, Stimulates growth and division of cells, Acts on all body tissues, especially cartilage, bone, muscle, & adipose connective tissue

Question 2

prolactin

Answer 2

anterior pituitary, Mammary gland growth & breast milk production Mammary glands

Question 3

follice stimulating hormone

Answer 3

anterior pituitary, Follicle Stimulating Hormone Development of follicles in the ovaries; enhances sperm production in testes Follicle (Ovaries) & Seminiferous Tubles (Testes)

Question 4

luteinizing hormone

Answer 4

anterior pituitary, Luteinizing Hormone Development of gametes

Triggers ovulation; promotes secretion of progesterone and oestrogen; testosterone production Follicle (Ovaries) & interstitial cells (testes)

Question 5

Thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone Thyroid gland

Answer 5

anterior pituitary, Thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone Thyroid gland

Question 6

Adrenocorticotrphic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 6

anterior pituitary, Adrenocorticotrphic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates release of corticosteriods adrenal cortex

Question 7

oxytocin

Answer 7

hypothalamus-posterior pituitary, Oxytocin Stimulates uterine contraction and milk ‘let-down’ Uterus and mammary glands

Question 8

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Answer 8

Hypothalamus* Posterior pituitary gland, Anti-Diuretic Hormone Increase water retention and reduce urine output, increases blood volume & pressure Collecting ducts of kidneys

Question 9

Thyroid hormone

Answer 9

Thyroid gland, Thyroid gland Thyroid hormone Stimulates metabolism All cells

Question 10

Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels. Osteoclasts (bone)

Answer 10

Thyroid gland, Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels. Osteoclasts (bone)

Question 11

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 11

Parathyroid Gland Increases blood calcium levels Osteoclasts (bone)

Question 12

Epinephrine/

norepinephrine

Answer 12

Adrenal medulla Prolongs the stress (fight/flight) response Same targets as sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

7. What is meant by the term ‘tropic’ hormone?

Answer 13

• A hormone who’s target cell is another gland or glandular tissue

Question 14

key thing to remember about hormones

Answer 14

• secreted directly into blood
• go around the whole body but only effect organ which has receptor for specific hormone
• protein hormone- water soluble
• steroid hormone-lipid fat soluble

Question 15

how water soluble hormones get through cell membrane

Answer 15

-hormone binds to receptor on cell membrane, receptor activates G protein which activates enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP which is the 2nd messenger of the hormone inside the cell; it activates enzymes affecting a variety of processes in target cell.

Question 16

how lipid soluble hormones enter cell.

Answer 16

firstly in direct gene activation a steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds ti intracellular receptor.
The receptor hormone complex binds a specific dna region.
Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

Is the master gland, so it secretes something which the causes pituitary to secrete which then cause something else to. Basically it is the start of a chain reaction.

Question 18

2 ways hormones exit the hypothalamus

Answer 18

anterior pituitary- vascular connection (blood) in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal circulation- which is a mini circulation and allows the hormones to reach destination as hormones are so small, so therefore they are more easily detected in mini circulation.
posterior pituitary-neural connection- down tract(nerve axons) action potentials travel down axons of hypothalamic neurons, causing hormone release from there axon terminals in posterior pituitary.

Question 19

calcium Homeostasis

Answer 19

important as supports bone and teeth formation, blood coagulation, and neuronal activity and muscle contraction.
when Ca low PTH released which increases osteoclast activity, kidney reabsorbs Ca and activation of vit K.

When high thyroid gland releases calcatonin, which moves calcium from blood to bone.

Question 20

glucose homeostasis

Answer 20

Alpha cells make glugacon
Beta cells make insulin
During the fasting state (hypoglycemia):
Glucagon increase blood glucose levels by promoting the following actions:
- glycogenolysis ( breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
- gluconeogenesis ( synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g. amino acids,
lactic acid, some fatty acids).
During the fed state (hyperglycemia):
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake & oxidation by cells, it also stimulates glycogenesis & lipogenesis.
Insulin also decreases blood glucose levels by the inhibiting the following processes:
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis.

Question 21

hypothlamus releases

Answer 21

releasing and inhibiting hormones- GRH, TRH, PIH, GHRH