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BMED2406 > Endocrine physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Via blood

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2
Q

Cell to Cell Communication

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond to the signal.

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3
Q

Body processes under hormonal control:

A
  • Metabolism
  • Internal env. regulation
  • Reproduction (gonads)
  • Growth and development (thyroid)
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4
Q

Act on target cells via three ways:

A
  • Controlling rate of enzymatic reactions
  • Controlling ion and molecular transport across the membrane
  • Controlling gene expression and protein synthesis
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5
Q

Simple Endocrine Reflex: Insulin release blood glucose increase

A
  • Stimulus
  • Pancreas release insulin travels via blood
  • Target cell: receptors are on the muscle which leads to cascade of events, allows glucose to go inside cell
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6
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones regulate the production and secretion of another hormone
E.g. TSH secreted by anterior pituitary –> to stimulate thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

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7
Q

Non-tropic hormones

A

Hormones act directly on non-endocrine target tissue

E.g. thyroid hormones . increase metabolic rate of cells

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8
Q

Types of Hormones (x3)

A
  • Peptide/ protein hormones (composed of AA)
  • Steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol)
  • Amines (modified from tyrosine)
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9
Q

Hydrophilic + (Mechanism)

A
  • peptide
  • amines
    Peptides + Amines can’t enter their target cell, they have to combine with a membrane receptor to get a response
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10
Q

Lipophilic

A
  • Steroid
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11
Q

Peptide Synthesis

A

1.

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12
Q

Endocrine Pathologies (x3)

A

Having balanced hormone levels are important for homeostasis.

  1. Excess levels of hormone
  2. Hormone deficiency
  3. Abnormal responsiveness of target tissues
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13
Q

Prolactin:

  • acted from where
  • Function
  • Controlled by which drug
A

Anterior pituitary hormone
Acts on breast tissue directly
Function: controls milk production in breast milk and enhances breast enlargement
- dopamine

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14
Q

Prolactin pathologies

A

Hyperprolactinaemia (over expression)

Infertility
amenorrhoea
galactorrhoea

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15
Q

ACTH

  • stands for
  • acts on
  • Function
A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex
Function: stimulates the release of cortisol (- feedback) + allows to respond to hypoglycaemic event.

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16
Q

ACTH pathologies

A

hypercortisolism:

  • tumour of adrenal gland/ pituitary
  • Cushing’s disease

Hypocortisolism:
- Addison’s disease

17
Q

Gonadotropes (FSH/ LH)

A

Controlled by hypothalamus and act on gonads

FSH: promotes gametogensis
LH: stimulates the production of sex steroids

18
Q

Growth hormone

A

most abundant hormone produced

Released throughout life: peaks in teen yrs and reduces when old

19
Q

Control of GH release

A
  • Influenced by two hypothalamic hormones: GHRH and GHIH (somatostatin)

Triggered for a release by:

  • exercise
  • stress
  • diurnal pattern
  • low glucose
20
Q

GH metabolic effects

A

Binds directly with target organs - adipose, muscle, liver

Stimulates protein synthesis

inc. fatty acid levels by breaking down stored fats

21
Q

GH affects growth

A

directly mediated by IGF (insulin-like growth factors)

  • act on soft tissue and bone to promote growth
  • Two types: 1 and II
22
Q

Abnormal GH secretion

A

problems associated with both deficiency and excess HG can occur

deficiencies can be caused by hypothalamic or pituitary defects, excess by tumour of a.pituitary

Deficiencies can lead to dwarfism and excess lead to gigantism

23
Q

Hormones released in the Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin (ADH)
    There are terminal stores which release independently.
24
Q

Vasopressin / ADH

  • Function
  • Trigger for release
A

Function:

  • acts on conserving water in the kidneys (Distal)
  • vasoconstrictor of afferent arterioles –> incr. BP

Trigger for release:

  • Osmoreceptors (hypothalamus)
  • Volume receptors (atrium and great veins)
  • Baroreceptors (aortic arch and carotid sinus)
25
Q

Oxytocin:

  • function
  • trigger for release
A

Function:

  • Potent vasoconstrictor (uterine smooth muscle)
  • Promotes milk ejection
Trigger for release: 
- Increased oxytocin receptors in myometrial tissue
- positive feedback 
~ foetus pressing against cervix 
~ newborn suckling the breast
26
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A
  1. Neurons synthesising trophic neurohormones release them into capillaries of portal system
  2. Portal veins carries the hormones to anterior pituitary where they act on endocrine cells
  3. Endocrine cells release their peptide hormones to be distributed to the rest of the body
27
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

release of hormone from anterior pituitary

BMED2406 (5 decks)

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