Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine System > Endocrine Problems > Flashcards

Endocrine Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

Excess GH in adults, causing an increase in the size of body parts, but not height.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of Acromegaly

A

Headaches; enlarged hands, feet, and head; deep voice; hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treatment of Acromegaly

A

Dopamine agonists: bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline.
Somatostatin analogs: octreotide, lanreotide.
GH receptor blocker: pegvisomant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Therapeutic Procedures for Acromegaly

A

Hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland).
Radiation therapy (shrinks pituitary tumor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Hypopituitarism?

A

Decrease in 1 or more of the pituitary hormones, most commonly GH and gonadotropins. It is usually caused by a pituitary tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symptoms of Hypopiuitarism

A

Early: headaches, vision changes, loss of smell, nausea, seizures.
Deficiencies:
ACTH: weakness, fatigue, headache, decreased resistance to infection, fasting hypoglycemia.
FSH: menstrual irregularities, testicular atrophy.
GH: truncal obesity, osteoporosis, weakness, fatigue.
TSH: fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, lethargy, weight gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of Hypopitiutarism

A

Surgery or radiation therapy followed by lifelong hormone therapy.
Somatropin: GH deficiency
Estrogen & Progesterone: hypogonadal women.
Testosterone: men with gonadotropin deficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone?

A

Excessive release of ADH (vasopressin) secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of SIADH

A

Early: headache, weakness, anorexia, weight gain.
With decreasing Na levels: personality changes, hostility, sluggish DTRs, N/V/D, oliguria.
Confusion, lethargy, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, seizures, coma, and death accompany decreasing Na levels.
Fluid volume excess: HTN, tachycardia, weight gain, distended neck veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A

Tetracycline derivative: demeclocycline
Vasopressin antagonists: tolvaptan, conivaptan
Loop diuretic: furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Labs of SIADH

A

Urine: CONCENTRATED: increased urine Na; Increased urine osmolarity; as urine volume decreases, urine osmolarity increases.
Blood: DILUTE: Decreased blood Na; Decreased blood osmolarity (<270mEq/L); as blood volume increases, blood osmolarity decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Results from a deficiency of ADH, resulting in excessive diluted urine, excessive thirst, electrolyte imbalance, and excessive fluid intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, tachycardia, hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Labs of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Urine: DILUTE: decreased urine specific gravity (<1.005); decreased urine osmolality (<200); decreased pH; Decreased Na; decreased K+; as urine volume increases, urine osmolality decreases.
Blood: CONCENTRATED: increased blood osmolality (>300); Increased Na; Increased K+; as blood volume decreases, blood osmolality increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

A

ADH replacement agents: desmopressin or aqueous vasopressin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland. Frequently caused by thyroiditis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment of Goiter

A

Treatment with TH may prevent further thyroid enlargement.
Surgery can remove large goiters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
-Subacute (caused by viral infection) and acute thyroiditis (bacterial or fungal infection): abrupt onset of symptoms that include: pain localized in the thyroid or radiating to the throat, ears, or jaw. Systemic manifestations include fever, chills, sweats, and fatigue.
-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: Goiter is the hallmark. If the goiter enlarges rapidly, it may cause changing of the voice and affect breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Labs of Thyroiditis

A

Subacute, acute, and silent thyroiditis: T4 and T3 levels are initially increased, but decrease with time.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: T4 and T3 levels are low and the TSH level is high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of Thyroiditis

A

Bacterial origin: specific antibiotics or surgical drainage.
Subacute and acute forms: NSAIDS relieve symptoms.
Severe pain: Corticosteroids relieve discomfort.
Propranolol atenolol may relieve cardiovascular symptoms related to a hyperthyroid condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Hyperthryoidism

A

Excessive circulating thyroid hormones, exaggerating normal body functions and producing a hypermetabolic state.

22
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Elevated BP, Tachycardia, nervous, irritability, heat intolerance, weight loss, exophthalmos.

23
Q

Labs of Hyperthyroidism

A

Blood TSH level: decreased in presence of Graves’ disease.
Free T4 index: elevated
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobins: elevated in Graves’ disease, normal in other types.
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: elevation indicative of Graves’ disease.

24
Q

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism

A

Thionamides: Methimazole and propylthiouracil.
Beta-adrenergic blockers: Propranolol, atenolol, and metoprolol.
Iodine solutions: Lugol’s solution

25
Q

Therapeutic Procedures of Hyperthyroidism

A

Radioactive iodine therapy
Thyroidectomy

26
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

Inadequate amount of circulating thyroid hormones.

27
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Bradycardia, hypotension, myxedema, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, hair loss

28
Q

Labs of Hypothyroidism

A

T3, T4: Decreased
Blood TSH: increased with primary hypothyroidism; decreased or in nL range with secondary hypothyroidism
Blood cholesterol: Increased
Antithyroid antibodies: present in some cases

29
Q

Treatment of Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy: Levothyroxine

30
Q

What are Thyroid Nodules/Cancer

A

Growth in the thyroid gland that may be benign (95%) or malignant (cancer).

31
Q

Symptoms of Thyroid Nodules/Cancer

A

Primary manifestation of thyroid cancer is a painless, palpable nodule(s) in an enlarged thyroid gland.
Some patients may have difficulty swallowing or breathing because tumor growth invading the trachea or esophagus.
Hemoptysis and airway obstruction may occur if the trachea is involved.

32
Q

Treatment of Thyroid Nodules/Cancer

A

-Surgical removal of a tumor is main treatment.
-RAI may be given to some patients to destroy any remaining cancer cells after surgery.
-External beam radiation may be given as palliative treatment for patients with metastatic thyroid cancer.
-Thyroid hormone therapy in high doses is often prescribed to inhibit pituitary secretion of TSH.
-Chemotherapy: doxorubicin for advanced disease.
-Vandetanib, lenvatinib, sorafenib tosylate, and cabozantinib are targeted therapies used for metastatic thyroid cancer.

33
Q

What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)?

A

An inherited condition characterized by hormone-secreting tumors.

34
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

A

Type 1: parathyroid gland hyperactivity (hyperparathyroidism). Hyperactivity of the pituitary gland (prolactinoma) and pancreas (gastrinoma)
Type 2: Medullary thyroid carcinoma. They may develop pheochromocytoma.

35
Q

Treatment of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

A

Treatment includes conservative management (watchful waiting), drugs to block the effects of excess hormones, and surgical removal of the gland and/or tumor.

36
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Uncommon condition associated with inadequate circulating PTH.

37
Q

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

A

Due to hypocalcemia:
Sudden decreases in calcium can cause tetany (characterized by tingling of lips and stiffness of extremities). Painful tonic spasms of smooth and skeletal muscles can cause dysphagia and laryngospasms which compromise breathing. Lethargy, anxiety, and personality changes may occur.

38
Q

Labs of Hypoparathyroidism

A

Decreased calcium and PTH levels
Increased serums phosphate levels.

39
Q

Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism

A

-Emergency treatment of tetany after surgery requires IV calcium administration.
-Rebreathing may partially relieve acute neuromuscular symptoms associated with hypocalcemia, including muscle cramps and mild tetany.
-Most patients receive oral calcium supplements, magnesium supplements, and vitamin D supplements.

40
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism?

A

A condition involving increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels.

41
Q

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

A

Manifestations are associated with hypercalcemia:
Loss of appetite, constipation, fatigue, emotional disorders, shortened attention span, and muscle weakness, particularly in proximal muscles of lower extremities.

42
Q

Labs of Hyperparathyroidism

A

Serum Ca levels usually exceed 10 mg/dL.
Serum phosphorous levels usually <3 mg/dL.
Increases in urine calcium, serum chloride, uric acid, creatinine amylase, and alkaline phosphatase.

43
Q

Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism

A

-Surgery is the most effective treatment of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
It involves partial or complete removal of the parathyroid glands.
-Severe hypercalcemia is managed with IV sodium chloride solution and loop diuretics (furosemide) to increase urinary excretion of calcium.
-Bisphosphonates (Fosamax) inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, normalizing calcium levels.
-Phosphates are given if the patient has normal renal function and low serum phosphate levels.
-Calcimimetic agents (Sensipar) increase the sensitivity of the calcium receptor on the parathyroid gland, resulting in decreased PTH secretion and calcium blood levels.

44
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome?

A

Over secretion of the hormones the adrenal cortex. Results from long-term use of glucocorticoids.

45
Q

Symptoms of Cushing Syndrome

A

Weakness, fatigue, HTN, tachycardia, weight gain, Hirsutism, striae, hyperglycemia, bone pain/fractures.

46
Q

Labs of Cushing Syndrome

A

Elevated blood cortisol levels (in absence of acute illness/stress).
Urine (24-hr collection): elevated levels of free cortisol.
Plasma ACTH levels: hypersecretion=increased ACTH; disorders of the adrenal cortex or medication therapy=decreased ACTH levels.
Salivary cortisol: elevation.
Blood K+ and Ca2+: decreased
BG: increased
Na+: Increased
Lymphocytes: Decreased

47
Q

Treatment of Cushing Syndrome

A

Tx depends on cause: will need to taper off glucocorticoids.
-Ketoconazole: antifungal agent that inhibits adrenal corticosteroid synthesis.
-Mitotane: selective destruction of adrenal cells.
-Hydrocortisone: Replacement therapy for clients who have adrenocortical insufficiency.

48
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids is diminished, resulting in decreased aldosterone and cortisol.

49
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s Disease

A

Weight loss, hyperpigmentation of the skin, Hyponatremia, Hypoglycemia, Hyperkalemia, and Hypercalcemia.

50
Q

Labs of Addison’s Disease

A

Blood electrolytes: Increased K+, Increased WBC, Decreased Na+, and Increased Ca.
BUN & Creatinine: increased
BG: normal to increased.
Blood/salivary cortisol: decreased.

51
Q

Treatment of Addison’s Disease

A

Hydrocortisone, prednisone, and cortisone: Glucocorticoids used as replacement for adrenal insufficiency.
Fludrocortisone: Mineralocorticoid used as replacement in adrenal insufficiency.

Endocrine System (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions