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Physiology > Endocrine/Repro > Flashcards

Endocrine/Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

From: Hypothalamus
Action: stimulate secretion of TSH and prolactin
*Gq

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2
Q

Hypothyroidism (children)

A

ROS: growth retardation, MR

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3
Q

Testosterone

A

From: testes
Action: spermatogenesis; male secondary sex characteristics
*converted to estradiol by aromatase

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4
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A

Cause: defect in V2 receptor, Gs protein or adenylyl cyclase, hypercalcemia, Lithium drugs
ROS: 👆🏽ADH levels, p/u, p/d, hyperosmolar plasma, dilute urine

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5
Q

Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A

From: Hypothalamus
Action: stimulate secretion of GH
*Gq

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6
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action (ovary): ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and synth of estrogen and progesterone
Action (testes): synthesis and secretion of testosterone
*Gs

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7
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

From: adrenal cortex
Action: stimulate gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppression

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8
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Cause: unknown, but elevated Ang II levels
ROS: HTN @ 140/90, proteinuria >300mg/day, edema of face and hands, occurs mainly after 20 wks

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9
Q

11-B-Hydroxylase Deficiencye

A

Serum: 👇🏽cortisol, 👆🏽ACTH
ROS: virilization of genitalia, hypertension

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10
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

ROS: polyuria/polydipsia, PUD (parietal cell stimulation), nephrolithiasis, hypercalciuria, psych symptoms, EKG w/ shortened QT (ventricular repolarization enhanced)

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11
Q

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol)

A

From: kidney
Action: 👆🏽Ca2+ and PO4- R. in GIT, 👆🏽bone mineralization

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12
Q

Sulfonylurea

A

Blocks K+/ATPase so membrane is depolarized, opening VG Ca2+ channel which will 👆🏽insulin release from B-cell of pancreas

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13
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action: stimulates protein synthesis and growth
*tyrosine kinase-assoc. receptor

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14
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome (primary adrenal hyperplasia)

A

Serum: 👆🏽cortisol, 👆🏽androgens, 👇🏽ACTH
ROS: hyperglycemia, HTN, virilization of women, central obesity, poor wound healing, 👆🏽protein catabolism, osteoporosis, striae

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15
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

From: chief cell of parathyroid
Action: 👆🏽serum [Ca2+] and 👇🏽serum [phosphate]
*Gs

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16
Q

Estradiol

A

From: ovary (granulosa cell)
Action: predominates during follicular phase of menstrual cycle, upregulates estrogen LH and progesterone receptors, causes proliferation and development of ovarian granulosa cells
*+ feedback on ant. pituitary mid-cycle

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17
Q

Renal Osteodystrophy

A

Pt has impaired ability to synthesize active Vit. D in kidney so bone mineralization is decreased (so healing of fx takes longer)

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18
Q

Amenorrhea in Hypothyroidism

A

👆🏽TRH will 👆🏽prolactin levels and 👇🏽GnRH levels

ROS: anovulatory cycle

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19
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

From: placenta (syncytial cells)
Action: if fertilization occurs 👆🏽estrogen/progesterone synthesis, prevents involution of corpus luteum
*Gs

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20
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Cause: tumor or ectopic parathyroid tissue
Serum: 👆🏽PTH , 👆🏽blood [Ca2+],
ROS: 👆🏽bone resorption, nephrolithiasis, PUD, bone lesions, phosphaturia

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21
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

ROS: paresthesias, tetany, Chovstek’s sign (facial muscles), Trousseau’s sign (hand tetany), EKG w/ prolonged QT

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22
Q

17-a-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A

Serum: 👇🏽cortisol so 👆🏽ACTH, 👇🏽renin and Ang II
ROS: HTN, hypernatremia, volume expansion, loss of axillary/pubic hair in females

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23
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Cause: inadequate insulin response
ROS: maternal hyperglycemia, fetus begins to store glucose as fat, fetal hypoxia episodes w/ 👆🏽catecholamine release

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24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Serum: 👆🏽T4, 👇🏽TSH

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25
Q

DM1

A

Autoimmune destruction of B-cells, juvenile onset
ROS: 👆🏽glucose, 👆🏽FFAs and 👆🏽AAs in blood, 👆🏽ketoacids
*DKA = H+ ion exchanged for K+, so K+ will be excreted in urine

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26
Q

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

A

Cause: accidental surgical removal of gland, (or DiGeorge)
Serum: 👇🏽Ca2+ and 👆🏽PO4
ROS: tetany due to increased muscle excitability

27
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

From: posterior pituitary
Action: stimulates H2O reabsorption from renal CD, vasoconstriction of arterioles
*Gq (V1 receptor)
*Gs (V2 receptor)

28
Q

Grave’s Dz

A

Cause: Ab targets TSH-receptor
Serum: 👆🏽T3/T4,👇🏽TSH
ROS: exophthalmos, wt loss, palpitations, goiter, amenorrhea, irritability, heat intolerance (sweating), inc BMs, pretibial myxedema

29
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

ROS: excitability, tremors, (SNS is upregulated), HA, confusion, fatigue, sometimes coma

30
Q

Conn’s (Hyperaldosteronism)

A

Cause: oat cell carcinoma, secreting 👆🏽levels of aldosterone
ROS: HTN, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, decreased renin

31
Q

Central Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A

Cause: CNS lesion
ROS: 👇🏽 ADH levels, dilute urine, p/u, p/d, hyperosmotic serum
Tx: ADH analogue dDAVP

32
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Def: all pituitary hormones
ROS: dwarfism in children, in adults hypothhyroidism, decreased sex hormones, and decreased glucocorticoids
*decreased BMR, amenorrhea, increased prolactin b/c DA inhibition is gone

33
Q

SIADH

A

Cause: inappropriate secretion of ADH (e.g. Oat cell carcinoma in lung)
ROS: 👆🏽ADH secretion, hypertonic urine, hypo-osmolar plasma
Tx: ADH antagonist (democycline) or H2O restriction

34
Q

Adiposogenital Syndrome

A

Cause: hypothalamus unable to secrete adequate GnRH
ROS: obesity and hypogonadism

35
Q

Prolactin

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action: stimulates milk production and breast development
*tyrosine kinase

36
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

From: Hypothalamus (pulsatile release)
Action: stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
*Gq

37
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Excess prolactin
ROS: galactorrhea, decreased libido, decreased ovulation and spermatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH
Tx: dopamine agonist, bromocriptine to treat excess prolactin secretion

38
Q

Acromegaly

A

Cause: hypersecretion of GH
ROS: gigantism (linear growth before puberty), increased bone growth/organ size and glucose intolerance (after puberty)

39
Q

Somatostatin

Somatotropin Release-inhibiting Hormone

A

From: Hypothalamus
Action: inhibits secretion of GH, 👇🏽insulin and glucagon,👇🏽GIT motility,👇🏽secretions and absorption in GIT

40
Q

Insulin

A

From: pancreas (beta cells)
Action: 👇🏽blood [glucose]👇🏽blood [aa]👇🏽 blood [FA]
*tyrosine kinase

41
Q

Cushing’s Dz

A

Cause: pituitary adenoma
Serum: 👆🏽ACTH, 👆🏽cortisol
ROS: hyperglycemia, virilization, HTN, striae, etc. (same as Cushing’s Syndrome)

42
Q

Progesterone

A

From: ovary (thecal cell)
Action: predominates during luteal phase of menstrual cycle, maintains secretory activity of uterus, maintains pregnancy by decreasing excitability of uterus as it expands
* - feedback of ant. pituitary during luteal phase

43
Q

Oxytocin

A

From: posterior pituitary
Action: milk ejection; uterine contraction during parturition
*Gq

44
Q

Laron-type Dwarfism

A

Def: GH receptor deficiency

45
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Causes: vit. D def, malabsorption of fat (so fat soluble vit absorption decreased)
Serum: 👆🏽PTH, 👇🏽to nml. Ca2+, 👇🏽PO4, 👇🏽calcitriol

ROS: pathological fx’s

46
Q

21-B-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A

Serum: 👇🏽cortisol and aldosterone, 👆🏽ACTH, 👆🏽androgens
ROS: virilization in women, early acceleration of linear growth, early appearance of hair, hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia

47
Q

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action: stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4
*Gs

48
Q

Calcitonin

A

From: thyroid (parafollicular)
Action: 👇🏽 serum [Ca2+] but is NOT a major regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis
*Gs

49
Q

LH surge

A

Burst of estradiol synthesis at the end of follicular phase, has positive feedback effects on anterior pituitary increasing LH (and FSH) secretion which causes ovulation to occur

50
Q

Aldosterone

A

From: adrenal cortex
Action: 👆🏽renal Na+ reabsorption 👆🏽renal K+ excretion 👆🏽renal H+ secretion

51
Q

Addison’s Dz (primary adrenocortical insufficiency)

A

Autoimmune dz
Serum levels: 👆🏽ACTH, 👇🏽aldosterone/cortisol/androgen
ROS: hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation (MSH fragment from ACTH)
*hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis b/c of aldosterone def

52
Q

Hypothyroidism (adults)

A

ROS: fatigue, cold intolerance, wt gain, bradycardia, constipation, coarse dry skin, slow deep tendon reflexes

53
Q

Male Infertility

A

Sperm count < 20 million/mL, abnormal shape of sperm, or lack of motility

54
Q

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

A

👆🏽glucose absorption from GIT, 👇🏽body weight, 👆🏽lipolysis, 👆🏽protein synthesis, 👆🏽CO and HR, 👆🏽BMR (so 👆🏽body heat)

55
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action (ovary): stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion
Action (testes): sperm maturation, inhibin and aromatase synthesis
*Gs

56
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

Cause: deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues
ROS: female external genitalia, no internal genital tract, elevated testosterone levels due to lack of receptors on ant. pituitary (lack of feedback inhibition)

57
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

From: anterior pituitary
Action: stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
*POMC is precursor
*Gs

58
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting Factor (dopamine)

A

From: Hypothalamus
Action: inhibits secretion of prolactin

59
Q

Corticosteroid-releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

From: Hypothalamus
Action: stimulates secretion of ACTH
*Gs

60
Q

Glucagon

A

From: pancreas (alpha cells)
Action: 👆🏽blood [glucose] 👆🏽blood [FA], formation of ketone bodies to be used as energy source for brain during fasting
*Gs

61
Q

Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

A

From: placenta
Action: same as GH and prolactin, produced throughout pregnancy, inhibits maternal uptake of glucose and decreases maternal insulin sensitivity to make more glucose available to fetus

62
Q

GLUT-4

A

Insulin increases # of GLUT-4 transporters on membrane of myocytes and adipocytes to allow more glucose to be absorbed

63
Q

Hypothyroidism (newborns)

A

Cause: iodine deficiency, placental transfer of TSH-Ab’s
ROS: respiratory probs, jaundice, poor feeding, umbilical hernia, dec bone development

64
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)

A

Action (w/ GH): 👆🏽linear growth, 👆🏽lean body mass, 👆🏽organ size

Physiology (4 decks)

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