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MCAT bio > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete products directly into ducts

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete products (hormones) into blood and target effector organs

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3
Q

major exocrine glands

A

found in digestive system, sweat glands, salivary glands, milk ducts, subaceous glands, tears (lacrimal glands)

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4
Q

major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, gonads

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5
Q

major organ with endocrine and exocrine function

A

pancreas

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6
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas

A

digestive enzymes

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7
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the liver

A

exocrine: secretes bile
endocrine: secretes angiotensin

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9
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signaling acts on nerby cells
- heavily involved in embryonic differentiation

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10
Q

which type of signaling is thought to be associated with cancer

A

autocrine

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11
Q

juxtacrine singaling

A

cells must be in close contact for communication

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12
Q

merocrine cell

A

if cell releases secretions through exocytosis

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13
Q

merocrine cell

A

secretion via exoctyosis

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14
Q

merocrine cell

A

if cell releases secretions through exocytosis ec

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15
Q

eccrine glands

A

merocrine sweat glands

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16
Q

apocrine glands

A

release through membrane bound vesicles
- mammory and sweat

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17
Q

holocrine secretions

A

rupture of plasma membrane and releasing product
- subaceous glands

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18
Q

peptide hormones

A

amino acid based hormones that are polar and must have a membrane receptor

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19
Q

steriod hormones

A

nonpolar and derived from cholesterol
4 ring structure
can diffuse readily across plasma membarne and bind to dna

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20
Q

primary signal in peptide homrones

A

peptide hormone

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21
Q

why do hormones require transport proteins in the blood

A

because they are not soluble

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22
Q

nonspecific steroid transport protein

A

albumin

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23
Q

once in the cell what do steriod hormones bind to

A

nuclear receptors

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24
Q

major effect of steroid hormones in the cell

A

gene expression

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25
Q

preprohormones

A

early precursors of PEPTIDE hormones that are transferred to the rough ER to become prohormones

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26
Q

prohormones

A

inactive immediate precusors to peptide hormones

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27
Q

where are prohormones cleaved to become complete peptide hormones

A

golgi

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28
Q

steroid hormones are derived from what

A

cholesterol in smooth ER

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29
Q

are there intermediate stages of steriod hormone formation

A

no
only peptide hormones go through pre and pro stages

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30
Q

are peptide hormones soluble in blood

A

yes, this is why they do not need a transport protein like steroids

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31
Q

which type of hormone has more rapid effect? which one is the most long term

A

peptide and steroid respectively

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32
Q

typical functions of steroid hormomes

A

sex, salt, sugar

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33
Q

examples of steriods

A

aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen

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34
Q

amino acid derived hormones

A

small peptide hormones from 1 amino acid
ex: T3 and T4 are tyrosine deriviatives and are lipid soluble

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35
Q

catecholamines

A

hormone derived from tyrosine and are hydrophilic
- norepinephrine and epinephrine

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36
Q

what hormone is derived from tryptophan and is both lipid and water soluble

A

melatonin

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37
Q

tropic hormones

A

cause the release of downstream hormones

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38
Q

hypothalamus anterior pituitary adrenal axis

A

Crh –> acth –> cortisol
- cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH

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39
Q

which hormone exhibits positive feedback

A

oxytocin during labor contractions

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40
Q

insulin

A

peptide hormone released by beta cells of pancreas that cause cell uptake of glucose and decrease BGL
- activate glucose transporters

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41
Q

what processes does insulin upregulate

A

glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis

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42
Q

what processes does insulin inhibit

A

glycogenolysis, fatty acid degredation (lipolysis), fatty acid oxidation

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43
Q

glucagon

A

peptide hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas and is opposite of insulin
- released in response to low BGL and encourages release of glucose from cells into the blood

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44
Q

which processes does glucagon promote

A

glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

45
Q

what organ is responsible for gluconeogenesis

A

liver because it has glucose 6 phosphotase

46
Q

what other hormones can increase BGL

A

cortisol and epinephrine

47
Q

major hormones of calcium regulation

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone .;

48
Q

what hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels in order to raise it

A

PTH

49
Q

how does PTH increase ca levels

A

by increasing osteoclast activity

50
Q

what hormone is released to bring down blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin

51
Q

how does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels

A

inhibiting osteoclast activity

52
Q

vitamin D

A

crucial for serum calcium and phosphate levels

53
Q

calcitrol

A

active form of of vit D that affects calcium and phosphate levels
- similar finction to PTH
- increases calcium levels by increasing absorption of ca in gi tract

54
Q

little fluid means

A

low blood pressure
low blood volume
increased blood osmolatiry

55
Q

increased fluid

A

high bp
high blood volume
low blood osmolarity

56
Q

which hormones respond to low blood volume

A

aldosterone and ADH

57
Q

aldosterone

A

increases blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium absorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct which increases water absorption

58
Q

adh/vasopressin

A

increases the permiability of the collecting duct to water and increases water absorption
reduces blood osmolarity wihtout changing solute concentration

59
Q

where and when is ADH released

A

released from the posterior pituitary in response to low blood pressire and high plasma osmolarity

60
Q

where and when is aldosterone released

A

released from the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure and is regulated by angiotensin system

61
Q

renin

A

enzyme released from the kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

62
Q

what is angiotensin 1 converted into

A

angiotensin 2 in the lungs

63
Q

what is the immediate stimulus of aldosterone

A

angiotensin 2

64
Q

main function of aldosterone

A

restores blood pressure (raises blood volume) and inhibits the release of renin

65
Q

ANP

A

hormone that endocrine system uses to deal with excess blood volume
- opposite of aldosterone
- decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct `

66
Q

ANP

A

hormone that endocrine system uses to deal with excess blood volume
- opposite of aldosterone
- decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct

67
Q

what hormone inhibits aldosterone release

A

ANP

68
Q

cortisol

A

long term stress

69
Q

where is cortisol released from

A

adrenal cortex

70
Q

glucocorticoids

A

class of horones from adrenal cortex

71
Q

what metabolic pathway does cortisol stimulate

A

gluconeogensis and antagonist to insulin

72
Q

epinephrine

A

short term stress response homrone that increase blood glucose levels

73
Q

what metabolic pathways does epinephrine induce

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogeneiss, glucagon release

74
Q

what is norepinephrine

A

catacholamine synthesized from tryosine that can be a neurotransmitter or a hromone

75
Q

function of t3 and t4

A

increase basal metabolic rate
- released in response to TSH from AP

76
Q

hypothroyid

A

insufficient thyroid hormones
fatigue, weight gain, iodine deficiency, , decrease body temp

77
Q

hyperthryoid

A

excess t3 and t4 with weight loss, hunger, insomnia, increased body temp

78
Q

where are esteogen and testosterone produced

A

gonads: ovaries and testes

79
Q

progesterone

A

prepares uterus for implantation and maintains it throughout pregnancy

80
Q

lutenzing hormone

A

stimulates the release of estrogen and testosterone

81
Q

luteal surge

A

LH stimulates the release of estrogen leading to ovulation

82
Q

FSH

A

ovarian follicle stimulation and spermatogensis

83
Q

HcG

A

maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy and causes it to secrete progesterone

84
Q

prolactin

A

acts on mammory glands to produce milk

85
Q

tropic hormones of anterior pituitary

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH
FLaTPiG

86
Q

tropic hormones of hypothalamus

A

GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH

87
Q

is human chroionic gonadotropin a releasing hormone

A

yes, causes lh to maintain corpus luteum

88
Q

what are the effects of aldosterone

A

increased na absorption in DCT and blood volume/ pressure increases

89
Q

effects of ADH

A

increased water absorption in collecting duct to increase fluid levels

90
Q

effects of ANP

A

decreased NA absorption in DCT and blood volume decreases

91
Q

hypothalamus

A

bridge between nervous and endocrine systems
- located in forebrain

92
Q

what connects the hypothamus and the anterior pituitary

A

hypopheseal portal system
- hormones transported

93
Q

similarity of hormones between anterior and posterior pituitary

A

ALL HORMONES ARE PEPTIDE

94
Q

what cells in males does LH stimulate

A

interstitial cells of ledig to secrete tesosterone

95
Q

what in females does LH induce

A

ovarian estrogen production

96
Q

funciton of ACTH

A

induces production of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids in adrenal cortex

97
Q

nontropic hormones of anterior pituitary

A

endorphins, growht hormone, prolactin

98
Q

hormones of posterior pituitary

A

ADH/ vasopressin and oxytocin

99
Q

ADH major function

A

secreted during dehydration to increase fluid volume and blood pressure

100
Q

hormones of thyroid

A

t3/t4 and calcitonin

101
Q

adrenal gland

A

divided into cortex and medulla

102
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secrete corticosterioids like cortisol
- can be mineralcorticoids or glucocorticoids

103
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

104
Q

alpha cells of pancreas

A

glucagon secretion in response to low BGL

105
Q

beta cells of pancreas

A

secrete insulin in response to high BGL

106
Q

delta cells of pancreas

A

secrete somatostatin (slow rate of digesion)

107
Q

pineal glands

A

secrete melatonin

108
Q

hormone of heart

A

ANP , decrease blood volume and decrease pressure

109
Q

thymus

A

t cells of adaptive immunity mature

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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