Endocrine system

Question 1

the endocrine system is composed of glands that regulate what body functions?

Answer 1

• Like the body’s reaction to the environment
• The level of substances in the blood
• Metabolism and growth
• Immune responses
• Sexual development and function.

Question 2

each gland secrets chemical messengers called what?

Answer 2

Each gland secrets chemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 3

how do hormones work?

Answer 3

hormones dissolve into blood plasma and travel to specific body regions where they pass through the blood vessel walls and bind to target cells

Question 4

what are the primary endocrine organs?

Answer 4

• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• pineal gland
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid glands
• adrenal glands
• pancreas

Question 5

what are the secondary endocrine organs?

Answer 5

• gonads
• kindeys
• heart
• thymus

Question 6

Is it primary or secondary endocrine organs that have other functions in addition to secreting hormones

Answer 6

secondary!!

Question 7

what is said to be the master endocrine gland

Answer 7

The hypothalamus is the master endocrine gland.

Question 8

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 8

• it secretes hormones that reculate the pituitary
• hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary regulate all major body functions

Question 9

the glandular anterior pituitary contains five types of epithelial cells, these cells produce and secrete 7 hormones what are they?

Answer 9

• somatotrophs secrete human growth hormone (hGH)
• Thyrotrophs secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Gonadotrophs secrete follicle stimulatig hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Lactotrophs secrete prolactin (PRL)
• corticotrophs secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte a stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 10

what is the human growth hormone (hGH)?

Answer 10

causes target cells to release insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which promote cells growth and division, glucose release and protein synthesis

Question 11

what is the Thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH)

Answer 11

TSH hormone causes the thyroid gland to release hormones that increase metabolism and promote both nervous and skeletal system growth

Question 12

what is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Answer 12

• FSH targets the gonads in both males and females.
• in females, it stimulates the overies to secerte estrogen and produce ooytes
• in males it stimulates sperm development int he testes

Question 13

what is luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Answer 13

• targets the gonads in both male and female
• in females, LH stimulates ovulation
• in males, LH stimulates the production of testosterone bu the testes

Question 14

what is prolactin (PRL)?

Answer 14

PRL induces the production of milk mammary glands

Question 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 15

• ACTH causes adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones.
• These steroid hormones influence the metabolism of glucose, lipids and proteins

Question 16

what are thyroid hormones

Answer 16

• The thyroid glad releases thyroid hormone, in the form of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
  
  • Which increase metabolism
  • Increase glucose use
  • Increases protein synthesis
  • Increases nervous system development.
• It also releases calcitonin (CT), which promotes calcification of bones

Question 17

what are parathyroid hormones

Answer 17

• The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone
• which stimulates the reabsorption of calcium from bone
• the absorption of calcium from bone
• the absorption of calcium from the small intestines
• the reabsorption of calcium from kidney’s tubules.

Question 18

what are the adrenal glands

Answer 18

• The adrenal glands are located superior to the kidneys on either side of the vertebral column.
• Each adrenal gland consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla

Question 19

what is the pineal gland?

Answer 19

• The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, which protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns.

Question 20

the pancreas function

Answer 20

• The pancreas is located between the stomach and small intestine.
• In addition to its digestive functions, it is a gland that secretes hormones necessary to regulate blood glucose levels.

Question 21

what are pancreatic islets

Answer 21

• The pancreatic islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones.
• The clusters are located throughout the pancreas and include four districts types of cells:
  
  • Alpha cells that produce glucagon
  • Beta cells that produce insulin
  • Delta cells that produce somatostatin
  • PP cells (F cells) that produce pancreatic polypeptide

Question 22

kidney function

Answer 22

• The kidneys release several hormones.
• Calcitriol increases calcium reabsorption in the body.
• Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.
• In addition, the kidneys release the enzyme renin, which also functions as a hormone, causing an increase in blood pressure.

Question 23

stress response

Answer 23

• Stress stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones that ramp up body activity in the fight-or-flight response.
• As stress continues into the resistance phase, the pancreas and adrenal glands produce glucagon and steroids that elevate blood glucose to provide more energy.
• If the resistance phase lasts too long, the body’s reserves break down and exhaustion occurs.