Endocrine System

Question 1

what is severe acidosis

Answer 1

pH of blood is <7

Question 2

what is respiratory acidosis

Answer 2

excess of C02 in blood caused by hyperventilation or lung disease

Question 3

what is metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

acids aren’t sufficiently neutralised or eliminated; kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhoea…

Question 4

Treatment for severe acidosis

Answer 4

mechanical ventilation (COVID), dialysis, bicarbonate therapy through IV

Question 5

what is severe alkalosis

Answer 5

pH of blood >7.7 (more than)

Question 6

What is respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 6

excess of c02 elimination through lungs (hyperventilation)

Question 7

What is metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 7

excess of bicarbonate ions (HC03-) in blood

(vomiting, excessive use of antacids, certain kidney disorders)

Question 8

what do electrical impulses do in the NS

Answer 8

transmit signals quickly over short distances

Question 9

what are the role of neurotransmitters in the NS

Answer 9

at synapse to communicate with other neurons or target cells (muscles or glands)

Question 10

how are hormones released into the bloodstream

Answer 10

by endocrine glands

Question 11

how do hormones initiate a response

Answer 11

hormones travel to target cells and bind to specific receptors

Question 12

what is endocrine signalling

Answer 12

secreted molecule (hormones) travel with blood and trigger responses in targets cells anywhere in the body

Question 13

what signalling would be used if the cells weren’t secreted through the blood

Answer 13

paracrine signalling

Question 14

what is paracrine signalling

Answer 14

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger response in neighboring cells

Question 15

what is Autocrine signalling

Answer 15

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

Question 16

what are autocrine and paracrine signalling

Answer 16

• not hormones
  = local regulators

Question 17

what do prostaglandins do

Answer 17

promote inflammation and sensation of pain, blocked by aspirin and ibuprofen

Question 18

what is synaptic signalling

Answer 18

neurotranmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger response in target tissue
- not part of the endocrine system

Question 19

what is neuroendocrine signalling

Answer 19

nuerochromones diffuse into bloodstream and trigger response in target cells anywhere in the body (oxytocin) or locally (HPA) via portal veins

Question 20

what is HPA and what signalling occurs here

Answer 20

hypothalamus pituitary axis
= neuroendocrine signalling

Question 21

how do exocrine glands release secretions into external environment

Answer 21

through ducts
(saliva, sweat, mammary glans)

Question 22

what are endocrine glands

Answer 22

ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream

Question 23

which organ has both endocrine glands and exocrine glands

Answer 23

pancreas
(insulin/glucagon + digestive enzymes)