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Anatomy > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

the pituitary gland is protected by the

A

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

glandular tissue

A

anterior pituitary

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4
Q

nervous tissue

A

posterior pituitary

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5
Q

also called the “master endocrine gland” because it controls activities of so many other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

portal circulation

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8
Q

controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

what are the two hormones of the hypothalamus

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic

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10
Q

carried to posterior pituitary, released in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic

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11
Q

does not make the hormones it releases, stores hormones made by hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

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12
Q

two hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic

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13
Q

released during childbirth and nursing, stimulates contractions during labor sexual relations and breastfeeding, causes milk ejection during nursing

A

oxytocin

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14
Q

inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys, in large amounts it can cause constriction of arterioles leading to increased blood pressure, alcohol inhibits secretion

A

antidiuretic (ADH)

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15
Q

two anterior pituitary hormones that affect nonendocrine targets

A

growth hormone and prolactin

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16
Q

anterior pituitary tropic hormones

A

follice-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone

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17
Q

are proteins (or peptides), act through second-messenger systems, are regulated by hormonal stimuli, are regulated mostly by negative feedback

A

all anterior pituitary hormones

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18
Q

major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones, plays a role in determining body size, causes amino acids to be built into proteins, causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

growth hormone

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19
Q

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

A

prolactin

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20
Q

regulates hormonal activity of the gonads

A

gonadotropic hormones

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21
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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22
Q

stimulates follicle development in ovaries, stimulates sperm development in testes

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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23
Q

triggers ovulation of an egg in females, stimulates testosterone production in males

A

luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

thyrotropic hormones/ thyroid stimulating hormone

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25
Q

regulates activity if the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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26
Q

hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

pineal gland

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27
Q

secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

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28
Q

triggers the body sleep/wake cycle, coordinates fertility hormones and inhibits the reproductive system until maturity occurs

A

melatonin

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29
Q

found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adams apple

A

thyroid gland

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30
Q

are hollow structures that store colloidal (gel-like) material

A

follicles

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31
Q

is deprived from colloidal material from follicles

A

thyroid hormone

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32
Q

thyroid gland produces two hormones

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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33
Q

major metabolic hormone, controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy, needed fro tissue growth and development

A

thyroid hormone

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34
Q

decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone, released in response to rising blood calcium levels, antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

calcitonin

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35
Q

thiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

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36
Q

secretes parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid glands

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37
Q

most important regulator of calcium ions homeostasis of the blood, hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclast to remove calcium from bone, stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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38
Q

located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum

A

thymus

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39
Q

largest in infants and children, decreases in size throughout adulthood

A

thymus

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40
Q

thymus produces a hormone called

A

thymosin

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41
Q

matures some types of white blood cells, important in developing the immune system

A

thymosin

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42
Q

sits on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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43
Q

the two regions of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

44
Q

outer glandular region has three layers that produce corticosteroids

A

adrenal cortex

45
Q

are secreted by outermost layer of adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids

46
Q

are secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids

47
Q

are secreted by innermost layer of the adrenal cortex

A

sex hormones

48
Q

inner neural tissue region

A

adrenal medulla

49
Q

regulate mineral content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions, regulates water and electrolyte balance, target organ is the kidney

A

mineralocorticoids- mainly aldosterone (hormone of adrenal cortex)

50
Q

release of aldosterone is stimulated by

A

humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassium ions in the blood), Hormonal stimulation (ACTH)

51
Q

promotes normal cell metabolism, help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormones), ant-inflammatory properties (decrease edema and pain)

A

Glucocorticoids- including cortisone and cortisol (hormones of adrenal cortex)

52
Q

small amounts are made throughout life, most of the hormones produced are androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens (female sex hormones(are formed)

A

sex hormones (hormones of the adrenal cortex)

53
Q

adrenal medulla produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)

A

epinephrine (Adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

54
Q

prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (fight or flight) by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, dilating small passageways of lungs resulting in more oxygen and glucose in the blood and faster circulation to the organs

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

55
Q

located in the abdomen close to the stomach- mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

pancreas

56
Q

the pancreatic islets produce hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

57
Q

produced by beta cells

A

insulin

58
Q

produced by alpha cells

A

glucagon

59
Q

released when blood glucose levels are high, increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells, effects are hypoglycemic

A

insulin

60
Q

released when blood glucose levels are low, stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels, effects are hyperglycemic

A

glucagon

61
Q

female gonads located in the pelvic cavity, produce ova, or eggs

A

ovaries

62
Q

ovaries produce two groups of steroid hormones

A

estrogens and progesterone

63
Q

male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity, produce sperm

A

testes

64
Q

testes produce

A

androgens, such as testosterone

65
Q

stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics, mature the female reproductive organs

A

estrogens

66
Q

with progesterone, estrogens also

A

promote breast development, regulate menstrual cycle

67
Q

acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle, helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus, helps prepare breasts for lactation

A

progesterone

68
Q

produce several androgens, is the most important

A

testes

69
Q

responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics, promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system, required for sperm cell production

A

testes

70
Q

second controlling system of the body

A

endocrine system

71
Q

is the fast control system

A

nervous system

72
Q

the endocrine system uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are

A

released into the blood

73
Q

5 major processes hormones control

A

reproduction, growth and development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism

74
Q

the process of the endocrine system

A

hormones are produced by specialized cells, cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids, blood transfers hormones to target sites, the hormones regulate the activity of other cells, endocrinology is the scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs

75
Q

hormones are classified chemically as

A

amino acid-base

76
Q

amino acid-base includes

A

proteins, peptides, amines

77
Q

made from cholesterol

A

steroids

78
Q

made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

A

prostaglandins

79
Q

hormones only affect certain

A

tissues or organs

80
Q

must have specific protein receptors

A

target cells

81
Q

alters cellular activity

A

hormone binding

82
Q

arouse cells or alter cellular activity

A

hormones

83
Q

process of hormone action

A

change plasma membrane permeability of membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels, activate or inactivate enzymes, stimulate or inhabit cells division, promote or inhibit secretion of a produce, turn on or turn off transcription of certain genes

84
Q

hormones act by two mechanisms

A

direct gene activation and second messenger system

85
Q

used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

A

direct gene activation

86
Q

used by protein and peptide hormones

A

second messenger system

87
Q

direct gene activation steps

A

Steroid hormone diffuses, enters the nucleus, binds to specific proteins, hormone receptor complex binds on sites on DNA, genes are activated to transcribe messenger RNA, new proteins are sythesized

88
Q

second messenger system

A

hormone (first messenger) binds, activated receptors set off reactions that activates an enzyme, enzyme produces second messenger, second messenger promotes a specific response

89
Q

hormone levels in the blood are maintained by

A

negative feedback mechanisms

90
Q

trigger the release of more hormones

A

a stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood.

91
Q

hormone release stops once

A

an appropriate level in the blood is reached

92
Q

the stimulus that activates endocrine glands

A

hormonal, humoral, neural

93
Q

most common category of stimulus, endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

A

hormonal stimuli

94
Q

hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to

A

secrete its hormones

95
Q

stimulates hormone release

A

changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients

96
Q

indicated various body fluids, such as blood and bile

A

humoral

97
Q

are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

98
Q

is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

A

insulin

99
Q

stimulates hormone release

A

nerve fibers

100
Q

most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

neural stimuli

101
Q

major endocrine organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads

102
Q

purely endocrine functions

A

anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

103
Q

mixed glands

A

pancreas, gonads

104
Q

are ductless glands

A

endocrine glands

105
Q

released directly into the blood or lymph

A

hormones

Anatomy (16 decks)

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