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Bio and Biochem notes: MCAT > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

which hormones are located in anterior pituitary ?

A

FLATPIG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone

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2
Q

How are steroid hormones stored?

A

Steroid hormones are NOT stored. They are synthesized as NEEDED

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3
Q

Which hormones are part of posterior pituitary ?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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4
Q

Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands ?

A

Endocrine glands: produce hormones that are located in BLOOD and have NO ducts

Exocrine glands: produce sweat, glands, bile, saliva, tears, mucus, enzymes and they are located in body cavity/surface. They have ducts to help carry products

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5
Q

Describe the pathway of blood throughout pulmonary circuit

A

pulmonary artery–> lungs—> pulmon ary vein–> left atrium

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6
Q

where in the heart does the electrical signal originate ?

A

SA node (sinoatrial node)

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7
Q

what is the contribution of B cells during adaptive immune response ?

A

produce ANTIBODIES specific to antigen

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8
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Peptide hormone

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9
Q

What kind of hormones is cholesterol a precursor for?

A

Steroid hormones

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10
Q

What occurs during negative feedback ?

A

Negative feedback is when a product in a pathway inhibits the formation of one of its precursors

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11
Q

What happens if ETC (electron transport chain ) is inhibited ?

A

Inhibition of the electron transport chain would ultimately lead to inhibition of the Krebs cycle (and the PDC) due to a lack of oxidized electron carriers.

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12
Q

Describe the relationship between hemoglobin and saturation curve, hemoglobin ? How does this apply to animal size?

A

Remember, the more RIGHT-shifted the hemoglobin curve is, the lower hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (more readily it releases oxygen)

Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates, and hence have lower HB affinity for o2 (release O2 more readily )

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13
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin. How many oxygens can Hb carry ?

A

Hemoglobin is made of FOUR subunits, each of which contains heme unit that can bind one molecule of oxygen.
hence 4 subunits × 1 O2/subunit= hb can carry 4 O2

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14
Q

What are characteristics of myoglobin ? How does it compare to hemoglobin ?

A

Myoglobin has only ONE subunit (Hb has four)
-myoglobin has a GREATER affinity for oxygen (since its more saturated than Hb)
releases significant amounts of its oxygen only at relatively low PO2.

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15
Q

What are the effects of vasodilation ?

A

Vasodilation :
-Decreased blood pressure
-increased blood flow

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16
Q

How would inserting base pairs at beginning of DNA sequence affect protein

A

Inserting two base pairs at the start of the DNA sequence would disrupt the reading frame and prevent the protein from being synthesized.

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17
Q

What kind of prettiness are translated into the ER lumen ? Give an example

A

. Proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane, and extracellular environment go through the secretory pathway and are translated into the ER lumen (experiencing co-translational translocation across the ER membrane).
Ex: Voltage-gated calcium channels are found in the plasma membrane, so they must follow the secretory pathway

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18
Q

Which heart valves have only Low oxygen blood in adult

A

Tricuspid valve (between Right atrium and right ventricle) and Pulmonic semilunar valve (separates right ventricle and pulmonary artery) have low O2

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19
Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction ?

A

During isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure rises sharply. This would make the ventricles more difficult to fill

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20
Q

What kind of cells produce antibodies ?

A

B cells

21
Q

What occurs in lupus?

A

lupus is an autoimmune disorder that is caused by an overactive immune system attacking self tissues,

22
Q

What do T cell receptors recognize ?

A

. T cell receptors will recognize abnormal host proteins (such as cancer-related proteins) in the context of MHC I.

23
Q

What kind of cell recognizes MHC II ?

A

. MHC II is recognized exclusively by helper T cells

24
Q

Where is CD8 found and what does it do?

A

CD8 is found on the T cell and is involved in antigen recognition.

25
Q

How do B cells respond to infection ?

A

In response to an infection, B cells will differentiate into PLASMA cells (which produce antibodies to deal with the current infection) and MEMORY B cells (which are pre-activated to allow for a more rapid response).

26
Q

What happens to thyroid hormone levels if thyroid gland is being destroyed ? How does this affect metabolism ? How will anterior pituitary compensate ?

A

Since the thyroid gland is being destroyed, thyroid hormone levels will be DECREASED.
Thyroid hormone normally increases metabolism.
So LESS TH means a DECREASED metabolism
The anterior pituitary gland will try to compensate for the low thyroid hormone levels by releasing greater amounts of thyroid stimulating hormone (increase TSH)

27
Q

What kind of protein is a sodium-iodide transporter (secondary active transport) ?

A

A TRANSMEMBRANE protein, b/c to aid the movement of ions across the membrane, the transporter must SPAN the membrane

28
Q

What happens to the mRNA transcript for transmembrane proteins ?

A

The mRNA transcripts of all transmembrane proteins must INCLDUE SIGNAL SEQUENCES sequences in order to direct the growing polypeptide to the rough ER and the secretory pathway

29
Q

What changes in thyroid hormone and TSH levels would be seen in patients with Graves Disease ? Explain why

A

Graves’ disease: high thyroid hormones, LOW TSH
there are abnormal antibodies that bind to and chronically stimulate the TSH receptor.
This would INCREASE Thyroid hormone levels
Because the hypothalamic function in these patients is normal, the abnormally high levels of thyroid hormones would provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus, resulting in low TRH release and, consequently, LOW TSH levels

30
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone on the body?

A

Thyroid hormone generally increases metabolism, which increases heart and breathing rate and increases body temperature.

31
Q

What are the bodily effects for one with Grave disease ? What is a symptom that is NOT likely to happen?

A

Grave’s disease: have increased thyroid hormones that will increase metabolism
-this causes increased heart rate, increased ventilation and increased body temperature
-hence cold intolerance is Unlikely for patient with Grave’s disease (rather it is heat intolerance that they experience, will sweat a lot

32
Q

how does thyroid hormone perform its action ?

A

Thyroid hormone (similar in action to steroid) will TRAVERSE the cell membrane and bind to INTRACELLULAR receptors

33
Q

What is usually an indication of 131^I in the neck of a patient ?

A

131I uptake in the neck most likely indicates residual thyroid tissue

34
Q

Describe the antagonistic effect between insulin and glucocorticoids

A

insulin functions to reduce blood glucose levels (by allowing cells to take glucose from the blood), while glucocorticoids function to increase blood glucose (by mobilizing glycogen stores and promoting fat catabolism to spare glucose).

35
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids?

A

glucocorticoids facilitate breakdown of glycogen into glucose
(liver is the primary storage site for glycogen)
-hence these glucocorticoids keep blood glucose levels high during times of stress.

36
Q

Why does mean arterial pressure Not Increase as much in whole body exercise compared to selected exercises ?

A

In both types (whole body and selected) of exercise the sympathetic response is initiated to increase cardiac output. This also causes VASOCONSTRICTIOn of muscle blood vessels by the sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons.
*** However, the active muscles release vasodilator substances to increase blood flow locally. In selected exercise, only a few muscles are being used, so the majority of muscle blood vessels are Constricted, causing an increase in peripheral resistance, and thus an increase in mean arterial pressure.
However, in whole body exercise almost all the muscles are being used, and there is less vasoconstriction when compared to selected exercise. Therefore, the peripheral resistance drops relative to selected exercise, and mean arterial pressure does not rise as much

37
Q

What is reverse transcriptase used for? What kind of viruses uses it?

A

reverse transcriptase creates DNA from an RNA template
commonly seen in RETROVIRUSES like HIV

38
Q

which hormones does the adrenal cortex make ?

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

39
Q

What happens to T cells that bind to self-antigens during maturation process?

A

T cells that bind to self-antigens during the maturation process go through programmed cell death, or APOPOTOSIS

40
Q

What happens to B cells that bind to self-antigens ?

A

B cells that recognize soluble self-antigens, become ANERGIC (non-responsive )

41
Q

what kind of cells produce antibodies ?

A

PLASMA cells

42
Q

Where are T cells produced ?

A

bone marrow

43
Q

What kind of T cells become anergic?

A

Immature T cells that recognize self antigens become anergic

44
Q

What occurs during humoral immune responses ?

A

Humoral immune respones: immediate reactions that are mediated by preexisting antibodies

45
Q

What occurs in Innate Immunity?

A

Innate immunity: refers to natural barriers and non-specific defenses such as phagocytes and the complement system,

46
Q

What is graft vs host disease

A

graft versus host disease occurs when T lymphocytes from injected bone marrow (i.e., donor tissue) mount an immune response against host cell protein

(only occurs in bone marrow transplantation )

47
Q

How do insulin levels change ?

A

A person’s insulin level increases after eating a meal and decreases upon fasting

48
Q
A

Bio and Biochem notes: MCAT (14 decks)

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