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Endocrinology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

hormones can be _____ and _____, steroids, and derivatives of the amino acid _____

A

proteins and peptides (2-200 long)

tyrosine (epi, norepi, throxine)

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2
Q

control of hormone is usually by ______ ______ where increased functioning of the target cell results in negative feedback to the endocrine gland.

A

negative feedback

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3
Q

what are the exceptions to negative feedback?

A

dilatation of the cervix in labor stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin, which stimulates further dilation of the cervix (positive feedback)

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4
Q

receptors on the cell surface often mediate a response to the hormone by __________

A

G-protein coupling (amplify hormone signal)

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5
Q

steroid hormones act by ______________ and binding to __________ receptors, which activates a gene, causes transcription/translation of proteins. Much ________ than cell surface receptors.

A

entering the cell
intracellular
SLOWER

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6
Q

Treating someone with epi will be much ______ than treating someone with prednisone

A

FASTER (steroids may take hrs)

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7
Q

the anterior pituitary (derived from the _______ cells from the oral cavity) is also called the __________

A

embryonic

adenohypophysis

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8
Q

the posterior pituitary is formed by down growth of ___________ from the 3rd ventricle

A

cell axons

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9
Q

secretions from the pituitary are controlled by the _________

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by the _____________

A

posterior pituitary

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11
Q

the neuron cell bodies which produce ADH and oxytocin are located in the _________ _______ and ___________ of the hypothalamus

A

supra optic

paraventricular nuclei

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12
Q

the axons of the supra optic and __________ nerves make up the _____________. the neuropeptides are secreted directly from the neurons into the systemic circulation

A

paraventricular

posterior pituitary

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13
Q

The ________ secretes 6 hormones

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin

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15
Q

the “releasing hormones” secreted by the anterior pituitary are controlled (either stimulated or inhibited) by the ________

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

the anterior pituitary is linked to the hypothalamus by the __________________

A

hypothalamic - hypophysial portal blood vessles

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17
Q

arterial blood to the hypothalamus delivers blood to the ______ network in the hypothalamus, which delivers blood to the _______, which delivers blood to the __________

A

capillary
hypophysial portal vessels
anterior pituitary

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18
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary in _______ concentrations via __________

A

HIGH

hypothalamic blood

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19
Q

ADH regulates ________ of body fluids by altering ______________of water

A

osmolarity

renal excretion

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20
Q

ADH acts on the _________ of the distal renal tubules

A

principle

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21
Q

When ADH acts on the principle cells of the ___________, it increases __________

A

distal renal tubules

H20 re-absorption

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22
Q

osmoreceptors in the ______ are sensitive to blood osmolarity. Stimulation of these causes the ___________ to release _____

A

hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
ADH

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23
Q

____________ in the left atrium, aortic arch and the _____ sense hypo/hypervolemia, and signal the ________ via the vagus nerve to increase/decrease _____

A

baroreceptors
carotid bodies
hypothalamus
ADH

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24
Q

pain, nausea, hypoglycemia, certain drugs all increase _____

A

ADH

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25
Q

inhibitors of ADH release _______

A

ANP

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26
Q

diabetes insipidus and SIADH are examples of:

A

abnormal ADH secretion

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27
Q

oxytoxin is from the ______ and acts in ______ contraction, “let down of milk” and ______

A

posterior pituitary
uterine contraction
milk ejection

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28
Q

suckling of breast, cervical dilatio during labor, orgasm all stimulated the secretion of

A

oxytocin

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29
Q

oxytocin is used clinically for _______

A

inducing and maintaining labor

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30
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones are produced by ____ cell types

A

5: thyro, cortico, lacto, somato, gonado- trophes

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31
Q

GH (somatotrophin) has a _____ release (the largest burst occurs within the ___ hour of falling asleep)

A

pulsatile

first

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32
Q

GH is mediated through locally produced and circulating ______ and somatomedins

A

IGFs

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33
Q

GH causes an increase in _________, _______, promotes utilization of _____, and can increase insulin ______

A

linear growth
protein synthesis
utilizes fats
resistance

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34
Q

secretion of GH is stimulated by fasting, _______, levels of amino acids, and _______

A

starvation

exercise

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35
Q

excess growth hormone causes ________ and gigantism, and deficiency may cause ______ stature, mild _____, and failure to _____

A

Too much: acromegaly

Too little: short stature, obesity, failure to grow

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36
Q

Prolactin is tonically inhibited by _____

A

dopamine

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37
Q

the stimulus for prolactin are _____ and suckling

A

pregnancy

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38
Q

lactogeneis is stimulated by ______

A

prolactin

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39
Q

prolactin inhibits ______, which inhibits ovulation

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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40
Q

breast development at puberty and pregnancy is in part due to _______

A

prolactin

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41
Q

galactorrhea is milk production unassociated with pregnancy or nursing. This is a result of ___________

A

excess prolactin

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42
Q

excess prolactin can be caused by destruction of ______ source, interruption of the ________ tract from a tumor or trauma

A

dopamine

hypophysial-portal tract

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43
Q

if you can’t lactate, a woman may have a deficiency in _____

A

prolactin

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44
Q

symptoms of pituitary adenoma (30% of hyperprolactinemia cases) are ______ and ______

A

headache and galactorrhea

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45
Q

TSH is secreted in response to thyroid releasing hormone from the _______

A

hypothalamus

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46
Q

TSH regulates growth of _____ and secretion of ______

A

thyroid gland

thyroid hormones

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47
Q

T3 has a _____ feedback loop, which produces a steady state of secretion of thyroid hormones

A

negative

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48
Q

ACTH is controlled by __________

A

corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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49
Q

cortisol secretion from the zone fasciculate of the _________ is modulated by _______

A

adrenal cortex

ACTH

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50
Q

LH stimulates development of the _____ _____ in the ovaries and testosterone from the testis

A

corpus luteum

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51
Q

FSH stimulates development of _______ in the ovary and stimulates _______

A

follicles

spermatogenesis

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52
Q

thyroid hormones affect _________ in the body

A

organ system

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53
Q

the physiologically more active form of thyroid hormones is ____

A

T3

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54
Q

the dominate form of thyroid in secretion and in circulation is

A

T4

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55
Q

thyroglobulin is found in ______ in the _______ the thyroid gland

A

colloid material

follicles

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56
Q

without osmo gradient in the loop of Henle, someone may have ________ diabetes insipid us. This is in contrast to central diabetes insipid us

A

nephrogenic

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57
Q

T3 and T4 are ____ bound, and have a ____ half life

A

protein

long

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58
Q

an increase in BMR, metabolism, cardiac output, and growth are all the results of _______

A

hyperthyroidism

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59
Q

graves disease is an example of _______. Antibodies cross react with the receptors for the receptors for TSH, turning it on.

A

hyperthyroidism

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60
Q

a person with Graves disease has _____ TSH and TRH

A

low (because of negative feedback)

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61
Q

Hypothalamus is reacting to high T3 and T4 by decreasing TRH, but the pituitary still secretes high TSH. This is the result of _____

A

pituitary adenoma

62
Q

the peak release of glucocorticoids occurs in the __________

A

early morning

63
Q

CRH is a _______ hormone which stimulates secretion of _______ from the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic

ACTH

64
Q

ACTH stimulates the steps in the synthetic pathway to produce the ________ hormones derived from cholesterol

A

adrenocortical

65
Q

ACTH causes the production and _______ from the zone fasciculate and zone reticularis

A

secretion

66
Q

the ______ suppression test is a method of evaluating the functioning of the pituitary - _____ axis

A

dexamethasone

67
Q

cortisol stimulates _______ and the storage of glycogen. It is _______

A

gluconeogenesis

catabolic

68
Q

glucocorticoids are ______ and inhibit the inflammatory responses.

A

antiinflammatory

69
Q

glucocorticoids suppress the _______ system, especially cellular mediated immunity

A

immune

70
Q

vascular response to catecholamine is maintained by ______

A

glucocorticoids

71
Q

what increases GFR and inhibits bone formation?

A

glucocorticoids

72
Q

glucocorticoids affect the _____ system and sleep alterations (CNS)

A

limbic

73
Q

Mineralocorticoids (______) increases Na reabsorption, increase renal K _____, and increase renal _____ secretion

A

aldosterone
secretion
secretion

74
Q

Adrenal derived DHE plays a _____ role in males, but is a ______ androgen in females

A

minor

major

75
Q

abnormal function of adrenal androgens may cause _______

A

masculinization

76
Q

addisons disease results from ______ _____

A

adrenal insufficiency

77
Q

The primary cause of addison’s disease is _______ of the gland. This includes autoimmune destruction of the gland, metastatic _______ cancer.

A

autoimmune destruction

lung cancer

78
Q

hypoglycemia, anorexia, weakness, hyper pigmentation are all symptoms of _______

A

addison’s disease

79
Q

A secondary cause of addison’s disease is failure to ______ the gland (insufficient CRH or ACTH)

A

stimulate

80
Q

pituitary tumor, hypothalamic disorders, sudden withdrawal of exogenous steroids (iatrogenic) are all causes of _______

A

secondary addisons disease

81
Q

hyperpigmentation occurs in primary and secondary addison’s disease because high ____ causes high ______

A

ACTH

melanoctye stimulating hormone

82
Q

corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is a ______ hormone that stimulates _______ from the _____ pituitary

A

hypothalmic
ACTH
anterior

83
Q

addisons is lack of cortisol, cushings disease is ________ cortisol

A

TOO MUCH

84
Q

a pituitary adenoma with increased secretion ACTH may cause _________

A

cushings syndrome

85
Q

an adrenal ademona causes increased cortisol secretion and causes ______

A

cushings syndrome

86
Q

in cushing syndrome, ____glycemia, hypertension, muscle wasting, moon face, abdominal _____, _____ hump are characteristic

A

hyperglycemia
striae
buffalo

87
Q

cortisol is _______, so muscle wasting will occur in _________

A

catabolic

cushings syndrome

88
Q

T4 works via an intracellular receptor-complex that binds to DNA and affects _______. It increases the number and size of ______, which increases BMR. Increased ____ pressure, rate/depth of _____, and thermogenesis are the results.

A

transcription
mitochondria
pulse pressure
respiration

89
Q

in graves disease, the antibodies (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) are directed against ________ on the thyroid gland, which activates the _______ receptors to promote the release of ______

A

TSH receptors
TSH
T3 & T4

90
Q

radioactive iodine is sometimes used to “burn out the gland” for what disorder?

A

graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

91
Q

Myxedema (puffiness of skin) is a result of?

A

hypothyroidism

92
Q

when low iodine results in decreased T3/T4 secretion, TSH levels become high to stimulated growth of the gland. This leads to a ______

A

goiter

93
Q

the adrenal medulla is responsible for “catecholamine” production, whereas the cortex is responsible for ________

A

steroid hormones

94
Q

The zona reticularis produces _______

A

androgens

95
Q

the zone fasciculata produces _______

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

96
Q

the zone glomerulosa produces ________

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

97
Q

cortisol causes gluconeogenesis, so adrenal insufficiency can result in ________

A

hypoglycemia

98
Q

if lung cancer metastasized to the adrenals and destroyed them, what might we worry about? Would this be a primary or secondary example?

A

development of Addisons disease

Primary example

99
Q

a hypothalamic disorder or pituitary tumor would be examples of primary or secondary of Addison’s?

A

secondary

100
Q

a pituitary adenoma with increased secretion of ACTH, or an adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol would be concerning for what disease?

A

Cushings

101
Q

the most common cause of Cushings in developed countries is _____

A

iatrogenic (sudden withdrawal of exogenous steroids)

102
Q

buffalo hump, moon face, abdominal striae, hyperglycemia are all symptoms of?

A

Cushings

103
Q

An aldosterone secreting tumor may cause ______ syndrome

A

Conns syndrome

104
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis are all indicative of _____ syndrome

A

Conns

105
Q

spironolactone could be used for ____ syndrome, which is a primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Conns

106
Q

_____ cells produce insulin, ____ cells produce glucagon, ____ cells produce somatostatin

A 
beta = insulin
alpha = glucagon
delta = somatostatin
107
Q

______ peptide stimulates secretion of insulin

A

gastric inhibitory peptide

108
Q

glucagon like peptide promotes secretion of ____

A

insulin

109
Q

insulin decreases blood glucose, decreases blood _____, decreases serum amino acid _______, and promotes ____ uptake into cells

A

lipids (inhibits lipolysis and stimulates fat deposition)
concentration
promotes K uptake

110
Q

high serum glucose causes polyuria, increased use of fats cause ketoacidosis. these are signs of what?

A

type I diabetes

111
Q

Polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperkalemia, ketoacidosis, polyuria are all signs of what?

A

type I diabetes

112
Q

sulfonyureas, GLP-1, GIP all increase ________

A

insulin production

113
Q

the “hormone of starvation” is _______

A

glucagon

114
Q

the hormone that is stimulated by decreased blood glucose concentration is ______

A

glucagon

115
Q

GLP stimulates insulin secretion, and inhibits ______

A

glucagon

116
Q

glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and increased lipolysis are all the results of ______

A

glucagon

117
Q

______ inhibits growth hormone, and modulates responses of glucose/glucagon to food ingestion

A

somatostatin

118
Q

_____ increases vascular responsiveness to norepi and epinephrine

A

cortisol

119
Q

hyperpigmentation occurs in _________ adrenal insufficiency, but not in _________ (pituitary tumor, hypothalamic disorders)

A

primary

secondary

120
Q

In people with Cushings, low-dose dexathasone will cause _________ in cortisol, because there may be a ______ secreting tumor

A

no change

cortisol

121
Q

_______ and ______ feed back to the hypothalamus to control gonadotrophin releasing hormone, which will then control ______ and ______ release from the pituitary

A

estrogen and progesterone

LH and FSH

122
Q

In contrast to Type I diabetes, type II is not prone to _____

A

ketosis

123
Q

______ affects many organs in an inhibitory manner

A

somatostatin

124
Q

the _____ form of calcium is the active form. this composes ___%. 40% is protein bound, and ___% is complexed to anions

A

ionized
50%
10%

125
Q

HYPOcalcemia causes ____reflexia
______ cramping
spontaneous _____
tingling and _____

A

hyperreflexia
muscle cramping
spontaneous twitching
tingling and numbness

126
Q

Hypercalcemia causes polydipsia, poly_____, hypo____, constipation, and may end up in a ______ or death

A

polyuria
hyporeflexia
lethargy, coma, death

127
Q

a decrease in plasma calcium causes an increase in ______

A

parathyroid

128
Q

increase parathyroid causes an increase in bone ______, calcium _______ in the intestines and kidney, and phosphate _______ in the kidney. This will ______ plasma calcium

A

resorption
reabsorption
excretion
increase

129
Q

in response to increased parathyroid hormone, what will happen in the kidney?

A

decreased phosphate reabsorption

increased calcium reasorption

130
Q

decreased phosphate concentration will _____ free calcium concentration

A

increase

131
Q

hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and kidney stones result from ______

A

hyperparathyroidism

132
Q

phosphate goes up, calcium goes _____. without a kidney, calcium is obtained from the _____

A

down.

bone

133
Q

a primary parathyroid ademona is _______ hyperparathyroidism

A

primary

134
Q

if the parathyroid gland is normal, but excessive PTH is secreted due to ______, this is ______ hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia

secondary

135
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes problems in absorbing ________. This may result in secondary _________

A

calcium

hyperparathyroidism

136
Q

if someone has chronic renal failure, they can’t get rid of _______, which will lower _____. This will lead to __________

A

phosphorous
calcium
secondary hyperparathyroidism

137
Q

treatment of thyroid gland may destroy or damage the parathyroid glands. This will lead to ______

A

hypoparathyroidism

138
Q

the second major regulatory hormone for calcium and phosphate is _______

A

cholecalciferol

139
Q

the inactive form of vitamin D is _________. This is modified to _________

A

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

140
Q

Vitamin D promotes _________ of new bone

A

mineralization

141
Q

in the intestines, vitamin D increases ______ and _______ absorption

A

calcium and phosphate absorption

142
Q

in addition to the intestines, vitamin D causes increased _______ of calcium and phosphate

A

reabsorption

143
Q

insufficienct calcium and phosphate in children results in ______

A

rickets

144
Q

what is worrisome in someone with chronic kidney failure, specifically in regards to vitamin D?

A

the kidneys won’t be able to form the active metabolite of vitamin D, which will affect mineralization of new bone

145
Q

the major action of vitamin D is to _______________ in the _______

A

increase calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines

146
Q

calcitonin is the ________ of PTH. It ______ free serum calcium by stimulating _____ deposition

A

opposite
lowers
bone

147
Q

vitamin D will cause absorption of calcium AND phosphate because it’s goal is to increase _________. PTH causes secretion of phosphate in the kidney, because its goal is to ________ serum calcium.

A

bone mineralization

increase

148
Q

hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia occur in ________

A

hypoparathyroidism

149
Q

cortisol and aldosterone are secreted from the adrenal _____

A

cortex

150
Q

the adrenal medulla secretes ______ and ______

A

epi and norepi

151
Q

how is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior?

A

it makes its own hormones. the posterior pituiarty hormones are actually made in the hypothalamus

Endocrinology (1 decks)

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