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Repro > Endocrninology > Flashcards

Endocrninology Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

uses blood circulation to transport hormones and signals

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2
Q

steps for endocrine communication

A

-chemical messenger
-secreted by endocrine glands
-transported by blood
-target tissue-physiologic response

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3
Q

father of endocrinology

A

Berthold-castration experiment

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4
Q

explain Berthold’s castration experiment and what conclusion was drawn from it

A

he had three groups
-group 1: castrated–>lack of secondary sex characteristics
-group 2: castration then reimplantation–>normal male development
-group 3: castration and transplantation–>normal male development

-the study proved that testes were the gonad and produced something that led to secondary sex characteristics

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5
Q

ablation definition

A

remove and study change in activity

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6
Q

isolate and purify hormones definition

A

allows you to study chemical properties of hormones

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7
Q

replacement definition

A

after ablation, add substance back

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8
Q

assay definition

A

allows you to measure concentration of something

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9
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

place isotope^125 and sample in with the antibody of the hormone you’re measuring
(higher radiation=lower concentration)

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10
Q

ELISA assay

A

sandwich desired hormone between 2 antibodies which causes a change in color, the deeper the color the higher the concentration

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11
Q

types of secretion

A

-endocrine
-paracrine
-autocrine
-intracrine
-lactocrine
-pherocrine

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12
Q

endocrine definition

A

uses bloodstream

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13
Q

paracrine definition

A

hormone stimulates adjacent cell w/out entering bloodstream

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14
Q

autocrine definition

A

hormone stimulates same cell that secretes the hormone

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15
Q

intracrine definition

A

hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted

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16
Q

lactocrine

A

molecules can be in colostrum that can effect organ development in offspring

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17
Q

pherocrine

A

chemical messenger that communicates from one animal to another

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18
Q

flehmen response

A

moving lip to expose vomeronasal organ to recieve pharemones

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19
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

-oxytocin on uterine muscles during birth
-estrogen on ovulation

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20
Q

what stops positive feedback loop

A

when action hormones were building to occur

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21
Q

what hypothalamic center is positive feedback connected to

A

the surge center/preoptic area

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22
Q

what hypothalamic center is negative feedback connected to

A

the tonic center/arcuit center

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23
Q

what neuron is required for steroid reception? why?

A

kisspeptin. GnRH neurons dont have steroid receptors

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24
Q

agonist vs. antagonist

A

agonist-binds to receptor and elicits same response as endogenous hormone
antagonist-binds to receptor to block endogenous hormone

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25
Q

chemical structure of protein hormones

A

amino acid chains

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26
Q

chemical backbone of prostaglandins

A

arachidonic acid(PUFA)

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27
Q

chemical backbone of steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

28
Q

sex steroid hormones

A

-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen

29
Q

what enzyme turns cholesterol into pregnenolone

A

cytochrome p450 side chain cleavage

30
Q

what enzyme turns pregnenolone into progesterone

A

17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

31
Q

what enzyme turns testosterone into estrogen

A

aromatase

32
Q

what 2 enzymes convert androstenedione–>testosterone or estrone–>estrogen

A

aromatase and 17 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

33
Q

T/F proteins can circulate freely in the bloodstream, why/why not?

A

True, they are hydrophilic

34
Q

protein hormone response pathway

A

non soluble through lipid bilayer so hormone attaches to primary receptor. this activates the coupled G-protein to activate adenylate cyclase. adenylate cyclase converts ATP–>cAMP(secondary messenger). cAMP activates protein kinase. kinase interacts with DNA synthesis leading to desired response.

35
Q

why do steroid hormones need a carrier to travel in blood

A

they are hydrophobic/lipophelic

36
Q

2 main steroid hormone carriers

A

-sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG)
-sex steroid-binding globulin(SSBG)

37
Q

steroid hormone response pathway

A

hormone passes through cell membrane and binds to receptor within nucleus. hormone/receptor travel to SRE(regulating element of DNA). it travels to mRNA for transcription and translation to create desired response.

38
Q

protein hormone metabolism

A

metabolized in liver
-bonds are broken to turn it into a glycoprotein
-glycoprotein excreted in urine

39
Q

where does prostaglandin metabolism occur

A

in the lungs

40
Q

metabolization of PGF2A by cows vs horses? why important?

A

cow: 80-90%
horse: 20%
what they can metabolize impacts dosage

41
Q

steroid hormone metabolism

A

-in the liver double bonds are removed and a glucuronic acid/sulfate group is added rendering it water soluble
-it travels to kidneys and is excreted in urine

42
Q

GnRH
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-hypothalamus
-peptide
-stimulate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

43
Q

dopamine
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-hypothalamus
-peptide
-inhibit release of prolactin

44
Q

corticotropic releasing hormone(CRH)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-hypothalamus
-peptide
-stimulate ACTH release

45
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone(GRH)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-hypothalamus
-peptide
-stimulate release of growth hormone

46
Q

oxytocin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-hypothalamus(released by posterior pituitary)
-peptide
-contractions for sperm transport/parturition, milk let down

47
Q

FSH
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-anterior pituitary
-protein
-stimulate follicular growth and sex steroid hormones(estrogen and testosterone)

48
Q

luteinizing hormone(LH)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-anterior pituitary
-protein
-stimulate ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males

49
Q

prolactin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-anterior pituitary
-protein
-stimulate milk synthesis and effect maternal behavior

50
Q

growth hormone(somatotropin)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-anterior pituitary
-protein
-stimulate milk synthesis

51
Q

adrenalcorticotropic hormone
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-anterior pituitary
-protein
-release of corticosteroids, initiate parturition

52
Q

estrogen
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-ovary(graafian follicle)
-steroid
-secondary sex characteristics

53
Q

progesterone
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-Corpus Luteum
-steroid
-Maintenance for pregnancy, control follicular growth

54
Q

inhibin(Female)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-graafian follicle
-protein
-regulate release of FSH

55
Q

relaxin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-corpus luteum and palcenta
-protein
-expansion of pelvis during parturition

56
Q

androgens-testosterone
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-testis(leydig cells)
-steroid
-male mating behavior, spermatogenesis

57
Q

inhibin(male)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-Sertoli cells
-protein
-regulate release of FSH

58
Q

cortisol(glucocorticoids)
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-adrenal cortex
-steroid
-induce parturition

59
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-placenta
-glycoprotein
-support CL(like LH)

60
Q

equine chorionic gonadotropin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-placenta
-glycoprotein
-immunological protection during pregnancy(like FSH)

61
Q

estrogen/progesterone
producing gland:(placenta)
hormone type:
function:

A

-placenta
-steroid
-regulate placental blood flow

62
Q

placental lactogen
producing gland:(placenta)
hormone type:
function:

A

-placenta
-protein
-stimulate mammary growth

63
Q

prostaglandin F2A
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-uterus endometrium
-lipid
-regression of CL

64
Q

prostaglandin E2
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-Graafian follicle
-lipid
-ovulation, sperm transport

65
Q

insulin-like growth factors
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-liver
-protein
-stimulate mammary growth and fetal developement

66
Q

melatonin
producing gland:
hormone type:
function:

A

-pineal gland
-amine
-controle seasonal reproduction

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