Energy Balance Lecture

Question 1

changes in men’s weight/height over time

Answer 1

• 1960: height = 68 in, weight = 166.3 lbs
• 2002: height = 69.5 in, weight = 191 lbs
• 2012: height = 69.3 in, weight = 195.5 lbs

Question 2

changes in women’s height/weight over time

Answer 2

• 1960: height = 63 in, weight = 140.2 lbs
• 2002: height = 64 in, weight = 164.3 lbs
• 2012: height = 63.8 in, weight = 166.2 lbs

Question 3

causes of death

Answer 3

• 365,000 deaths due to poor diet and physical inactivity
• 435,000 deaths due to smoking
• smoking deaths on decline, poor diet and inactivity increased 33%

Question 4

obesity

Answer 4

excess accumulation of body fat

Question 5

cut-points of obesity

Answer 5

• men: >22% body fat (25% in men over age 40)
• women: >32% body fat (35% in women over age 40)

Question 6

BMI

Answer 6

• describes relative weight for height
• calculation: weight (kg)/height (m^2) OR weight (lbs) x 703/height (in^2)

Question 7

BMI as an index of obesity

Answer 7

• underweight: <18.5
• normal: 18.5-24.9
• overweight: 25-29.9
• obese: > or equal to 30
• 71% of population is overweight or obese
• 42% of population in obese category

Question 8

measuring waist circumference

Answer 8

• men: >102 cm (40 in)
• women: >88 cm (35 in)

Question 9

adipokines

Answer 9

• regulate inflammatory processes and energy metabolism in tissues
• central obesity causes a shift in balance of adipokines

Question 10

diseases associated with obesity

Answer 10

• prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
• hypertension
• heart disease (dislipidemia - low HDL, high triglycerides)
• certain types of cancer

Question 11

what % of individuals with obesity have one co morbid condition?

Answer 11

70%

Question 12

why treat obesity?

Answer 12

• comorbid conditions made worse by obesity are biggest killers in the U.S.
• small and achievable weight loss can have major effect on health risks
• while obesity is biologically determined to a considerable extent, environment is important
• decreased societal cost with adequate prevention and treatment

Question 13

etiological factors that influence obesity

Answer 13

• physiology
• genetic heredity
• lifestyle choices
• physical environment
• governmental, economic, societal forces
• group or social influences
• environmental cues

Question 14

energy intake

Answer 14

• hunger and appetite (physiological)
• seek food and start meal (sensory)
• keep eating (cognitive)
• satiation: end meal (postingestive)
• satiety: several hours of other activity (postabsorptive)

Question 15

energy expenditure

Answer 15

• 25-50% physical activity
• 50-65% BMR
• 5-10% thermic effect of food

Question 16

health benefits of weight loss

Answer 16

decrease:
- cardiovascular risk
- glucose and insulin levels
- blood pressure
- LDL and triglycerides, increased HDL
- severity of sleep apnea
- reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease

Question 17

lifestyle strategies for successful weight loss

Answer 17

• dietary patterns
• PA
• behavior modification

Question 18

eating habits

Answer 18

• eat regularly
• increase fiber
• consume consistent meals
• choose low energy dense foods (high nutrient dense food)

Question 19

physical activity

Answer 19

• improves cardiovascular function and dyslipidemia
• increase HDL cholesterol levels
• lowers blood pressure and mortality rate