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BIO energy budgets > Energy budgets > Flashcards

Energy budgets Flashcards

1
Q

What are the energy demands of organisms

A

maintenance, growth, activity, reproduction

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2
Q

energy budget depends on..

A

size, activity, environment

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3
Q

What is scaling?

A

The study of the effect of size/mass on anatomy/physiology

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4
Q

All shape SA is proportional to?

A

length squared

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5
Q

what is the Surface area of organisms

A

membrane/skin

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6
Q

what makes up the volume of organisms

A

mass, cytosol, nucleus

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7
Q

Large organism have a _____ SA/V ratio than small organisms

A

smaller

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8
Q

Large organisms need to maintain large internal SA to….

A

exchange matter and energy with environment

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9
Q

Small SA/V ratio are ____ to large organisms because they need ____…

A

disadvantage, nutrient exchange and NRG generation

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10
Q

Small SA/V ratio are _____ to small organisms because they can use _____

A

advantage,
heat retention (heat is produced by entire volume and lost through surface area)

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11
Q

Allometry is a _____

A

type of scaling where aspects of biology do not vary proportionally to the size of the organism (characteristic of organism changes with size)

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12
Q

b=1 means

A

isometric (both domains are proportional to each other)

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13
Q

b=0 means

A

aspect of biology is independent of mass

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14
Q

b= any other value

A

it is allometric (characteristics of organism changes with size)

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15
Q

_____ have a larger O2 consumption relative to_______

A

smaller animals , larger organisms

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16
Q

Higher mass: _____ msMR, _____ absolute MR

A

lower
higher

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17
Q

When the graph is linear, ______ becomes the ____ of the line.

A

B (scaling exponent)
slope

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18
Q

isometry is when

A

both domains remain proportional, slope is 1
ex. The mass of the heart increases (almost)
isometrically with the mass of the organism

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19
Q

isometric when b= ___ to ____

A

b= 0.98 – 1.02

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20
Q

Positive Allometry is also called

A

hyperallometry

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21
Q

Positive Allometry (hyperallometry) is when

A

As one dimension increases, the other increases to greater proportion (slope greater than 1)

22
Q

Negative Allometry is also called

A

(hypoallometry)

23
Q

Negative allometry (hypoallometry) is when

A

as one dimension increase, the other increase to a lesser proportion (slope less one)

24
Q

energy budget equations

A

energy in (from food) = energy out
Energy IN = Energy ASSIMILATION + Energy EXCRETION
Energy ASSIMILATION = Energy RMR + Energy ACTIVITY + EnergyPRODUCTION
Energy IN = Energy RMR + Energy ACTIVITY + EnergyPRODUCTION + Energy EXCRETION (this is NRG available to organism)

25
Q

Large organisms need more food than small organisms, meaning they ______

A

have a greater Ein value per unit time

26
Q

Large organisms can also eat more food at a given time than small organisms, meaning they _______

A

eat less often than small organisms relative to the body size

27
Q

Large organisms take in more air with each breath; pump a greater volume of blood with each heartbeat, meaning they

A

have a lower breathing and heart rate than small organisms

28
Q

What is a measure of evolutionary fitness?

A

the Total amount and rate at which organisms obtain NRG from food

29
Q

How long food remains in digestive tract is a ____

A

phenotypic trait that responds to selective pressures in environment (pressures: how long digestive tract is, if you eat plants, it takes more time to digest)

30
Q

longer it takes to digest food, longer the _______

A

retention time

31
Q

Energy excretions

step 1: Food needs to be ________ this takes up energy and represents ______ – harder to _____ takes more NRG

A

broken down (chewing, enzymes, etc)
energy
a net loss of energy
digest

32
Q

Step 2: Nutrients are _______, leads to a net _____

A

absorbed through digestion
gain of energy

33
Q

step 3: Eventually, all __________, leaving ______ for excretion

A

possible energy is extracted
undigestible “dregs”

34
Q

Metabolic rate is the ___

A

Rate of energy consumption (rate at which it converts chemical NRG to heat and external work)

35
Q

Benefits of measuring metabolic rate:

A
  • helps determine how much food animal needs
  • quantitative measurement of total activity of all physiological mechanisms
  • helps to determine the pressure on energy supplies in the ecosystem
36
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A

NRG expenditure at rest but routine activities/day

37
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

metabolism at complete rest (lowest possible),
applies to homeotherms (endotherms), when it’s in the thermal neutral zone, fasting or resting

38
Q

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

metabolic rate measured at a specific body temp. Applies to Poikilotherm (ectotherms), measured when its fasting or resting

39
Q

Ways to measure metabolic rate

A

Direct calorimetry
indirect calorimetry
- respirometry
- material balance method

40
Q

Direct calorimetry is

A

the measure of heat loss, measures the rate at which heat leaves an animals body, expensive and cumbersome

41
Q

indirect calorimetry is

A

the measure of O2 consumed or CO2 produced, cheaper and easier

42
Q

respirometry is

A

measuring animals rate of respiratory gas exchange with its environment

43
Q

material-balance method is

A

measuring chemical energy content of the organic matter that enters and leaves the animals body

44
Q

Smaller animals have a _________ demand due to high _____

A

higher energy
SA/V ratio

45
Q

what is Energy activity

A

most forms of movement above resting state

46
Q

heat generated from increased activity may cover

A

the thermoregulation costs of a dormant (resting) organism

47
Q

Energy production:

A

Represents both growth and reproduction

48
Q

If organism has balanced NRG budget:

A

Eproduction value will be zero (in adults)

49
Q

If more than enough NRG is consumed:

A

Eproduction value is positive and mass increases

50
Q

If not enough NRG is consumed:

A

Eproduction value is negative and mass decreases
(because they lose mass to cover the energy deficit)

51
Q

PRACTICE CALCULATIONS

A

NOW!!!!

BIO energy budgets (6 decks)

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