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BioChem > Energy Unit > Flashcards

Energy Unit Flashcards

1
Q

what is glucose

A

C6H12O6 a sugar that is a product of photosynthesis

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2
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

a green pigment found in producers that absorbs the energy found in sunlight (especially red and blue light)

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3
Q

what is visible light

A

the mixture of wavelengths in sunlight; pigments will absorb some and reflect others

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4
Q

what is the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions)

A

the last stage of photosynthesis where chemical reactions produce sugars

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5
Q

what are Light Dependent Reactions

A

stages of photosynthesis where light energy is used to make ATP

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6
Q

what is chloroplast

A

an organelle found in plant cells that capture sunlight

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7
Q

what is a producer

A

a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic organism that serves as the basic food source in an economy

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8
Q

what is a reactant

A

a substance that undergoes a chemical change during a reaction; they are to the “left” of the arrow when you write a reaction out

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9
Q

what is a product

A

a substance that is formed from a reaction; they are to the “Right” of the arrow when you write a reaction out

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10
Q

what is photosynthesis for

A

to capture energy and turn it into chemical energy

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11
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplast

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12
Q

what are the reactants in photosyntheis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O

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13
Q

what are the products in photosynthesis

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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14
Q

what is the photosynthesis equation (balanced equation and words)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen

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15
Q

what 2 reactions make up photosynthesis? where does each take place

A
  1. Light Dependent Reactions: in thylakoid membranes

2. Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions): in stroma

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16
Q

what occurs in each reaction during photosynthesis

A
  1. LDR: uses light energy
    - produces oxygen from water
    - convert ADP to ATP and NADP+ to NADH
  2. Calvin Cycle: uses ATP and NADH from LDR to form high energy sugars
    - bonds in ATP and NADPH molecules are broken to release the stored energy
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17
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

process of releasing energy from glucose and store it in ATP

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18
Q

what are the 2 categories of respiration

A
  • aerobic (with oxygen)

- anaerobic (without oxygen)

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19
Q

what is glycolysis

A

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

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20
Q

what is pyruvic acid

A

can be made from glucose through glycolysis

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21
Q

what is the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A

the second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
-also makes NADH, CO2, FADH2, ATP

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22
Q

what is Electron Transport Chain

A

a series of proteins in which the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle are used to convert ADP to ATP

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23
Q

when is fermentation used

A

when oxygen is not available

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24
Q

what is lactic acid

A

muscle cells and the bacteria used in dairy products

Pyruvic Acid + NADH = Lactic Acid + NAD+

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25
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation

A

used by yeasts and other microorganisms

pyruvic acid + NADH = Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

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26
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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27
Q

what are consumers

A

an organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms or organic matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture own food from inorganic sources; heterotroph

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28
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

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29
Q

what are the two equations for anaerobic respiration

A

Alcoholic Fermentation:
Pyruvic Acid +NADH = alcohol + CO2 +NAD+
Lactic Fermentation:
Pyruvic Acid + NADH = Lactic Acid + NAD+

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30
Q

what are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration and where does each stage take place

A
  1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
  2. Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria)
  3. ETC (Mitochondira)
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31
Q

compare the types of respiration in terms of energy production

A

Aerobic : up to 38 ATP

Anaerobic: makes 4 ATP but uses 2 (net of 2 ATP)

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32
Q

what is ATP

A

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
(has Ribose, Adenine, and 3 Phosphate Groups)

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33
Q

what is ADP

A

the biproduct of ATP

34
Q

what is ATP used for

A

to store and release energy

35
Q

what are the parts of ATP

A

ribose, adenine, 2 phosphate groups

36
Q

how is energy stored in ATP

A

in the phosphate bonds

37
Q

how is energy released in ATP

A

by breaking off a phosphate bond

38
Q

what is the ATP-ADP cycle

A

the process of storing energy (adding a phosphate group) to ADP to turn it into ATP and then releasing energy (breaking bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group) to turn it back into ADP

39
Q

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosacharides

40
Q

what are monomers of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

41
Q

what are monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

42
Q

what are monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

43
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A

energy source and structure

44
Q

what is the function for lipids

A

energy storage

45
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

enzymes and structure

46
Q

what are the functions of nucleic acids

A

storage of genetic information

47
Q

what are an example of carbohydrates

A

glucose

fructose

48
Q

what are an example of lipids

A

waxes

fats

49
Q

what are examples of proteins

A

hair
nail
enzymes

50
Q

what are examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

51
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

when monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form polymers
“losing water”

52
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reaction with water

53
Q

what type of macro molecules are enzymes

A

proteins

54
Q

what effect do enzymes have on the rate of a reaction

A

can increase slow down or stop rate of reaction

55
Q

how can you increase the activity of an enzyme

A

increase the temperature or pH level

56
Q

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A

DNA: nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
RNA:single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

57
Q

what are three parts of the cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. cells are basic units of structure and function in living things
  3. new cells are produced from exisiting cells
58
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes: organism whose cell contain nuclei ex. plants and animals can work together and perform special functions
prokaryotes: unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

59
Q

what is the difference between animal and plant cells

A

animal cells don’t have a cell wall or chloroplast animal cells are also round or irregular and plant cells are more rectangular in shape

60
Q

what is transcription

A

when DNA is turned into mRNA and leaves the nucleus

61
Q

what is translation

A

uses rRNA to form codons into amino acids the tRNA takes amino acids and forms it into a poly-peptide chain

62
Q

describe the structure and function of the cell membrane why is it considered semi permeable and why is it also called a phospholipid bi-layer

A
  • thin, flexible barrier around a cell
  • semi-permeable because it allows things in and out
  • called phospholipid bi-layer because it is composed of a head that contains a phosphate molecule and a tail that contains a lipid molecule also has two layer
63
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

64
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules in a chemical move from an area of high concentration to an are of low concentration

65
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

66
Q

what is active transport

A

particle movement from an area of low concentration to high (uses energy)

67
Q

what are the differences between active transport and passive transport

A

active transport is from low to high
passive transport is from high to low
active transports requires cellular energy but passive transport doesn’t

68
Q

which type of transport would involve a sodium potassium pump moving materials against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

helps muscle cells contract

69
Q

compare and contrast the 3 forms of passive transport: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

A

-osmosis is the diffusion of water from high to low
-diffusion is when molecules in any chemical move from high to low
-facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport that uses transport proteins
ALL OF THESE DON’T USE ENERGY

70
Q

how do cells store and release energy

A

store energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP energy is stored between second and third bond
release energy by breaking off a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP

71
Q

how is oxygen formed as a product from the photosynthesis reaction

A

plants take in carbon dioxide and water and releases oxygen and sugar. The water molecule splits into hydrogen and oxygen

72
Q

what is endothermic

A

when products are over reactants

73
Q

what is exothermic

A

when reactants are over products

74
Q

how does cellular respiration differ from fermentation

A

cellular respiration requires oxygen but fermentation doesn’t

75
Q

what happens during interphase of the cell cycle

A

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

-cell obtains nutrients and duplicates its genetic material

76
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase

A
  • G1: cell creates organelles and begins metabolism
  • S: DNA synthesis in which chromosomes are copied
  • G2: cell grows in prep of cell division
77
Q

what are the four steps of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
78
Q

what happens during prophase

A
  • first and the longest phase

- the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite side of the nucleus

79
Q

what is metaphase

A

-second phase

chromosomes line up across the center of the the cell

80
Q

what is anaphase

A

-third phase

chromosome pairs separate and moves towards opposite poles

81
Q

what is telophase

A

-fourth and final phase

the chromosomes disperse into a tangle of dense material

82
Q

compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis: part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucles cell divides
meiosis: process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

BioChem (3 decks)

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