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Year 2 Anatomy > ENT anatomy > Flashcards

ENT anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

A

-the facial nerve (CN VII)
-the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
-the labyrinthine artery and veins

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2
Q

What are the actions of the obicularis oris?

A

the obicularis oris acts as a sphincter around the mouth

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3
Q

what is the obicularis oris innervated by?

A

the obicularis oris is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

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4
Q

What is the actions of the buccinator muscle?

A

the buccinator muscle assists in aligning a food bolus between the teeth

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5
Q

what is the buccinator muscle innervated by?

A

the buccinator muscle is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

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6
Q

What is the function of the masseter muscle? and what is it innervated by?

A

the function of the masseter muscle is closing of the mouth.
it is innervated by CN V3

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7
Q

What is the function of the temporalis? what is it innervated by?

A

The function of the temporalis is to close the mouth and it is innervated by CN V3

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8
Q

what is the function of the medial pterygoid and what is it innervated by?

A

the function of the medial pterygoid is to close the mouth and it is innervated by CN V3

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9
Q

what is the function of the lateral pterygoid and what is it innervated by?

A

the function of the lateral pterygoid is the open the mouth and it is innervated by CN V3.

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10
Q

Describe the extrinsic tongue muscles and their innervation.

A

-extrinsic tongue muscles control the movement of the tongue within the oral cavity.
-the genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus are innervated by CN XII (the hypoglossal nerve)
-the palatoglossus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)

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11
Q

Describe the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and their innervation.

A

intrinsic muscles of the tongue affect the shape and size of the tongue
-they are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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12
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A

the function of the soft palate is to elevate and tense in order to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

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13
Q

Describe the tensor veli palatini and it’s innervation.

A

the tensor veli palatini is innervated by CN V3
-its function is to tense the palatine aponeurosis

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14
Q

describe the levator veli palatini

A

the levator veli palatini is innervated by the vagus nerve and its function is to elevate the palatine aponeurosis

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15
Q

describe he palatopharyngeus muscle.

A

the palatopharyngeus muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve and its function is to elevate the pharynx and depress the soft palate

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16
Q

describe the palatoglossus muscle.

A

depresses the soft palate towards the tongue - innervated by the vagus nerve CN X

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17
Q

describe the musculus uvulae.

A

shortens the uvula - innervated by the vagus nerve CN X

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18
Q

what is the external ear composed of?

A

-the cartilaginous pinna
-the external acoustic meatus (ends at the tympanic membrane)

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19
Q

describe the external acoustic meatus.

A

the external acoustic meatus is an osseocartilaginous canal, with lateral 1/3 formed by cartilage and the inner 2/3 formed by the temporal bone.
-it is lined with skin continuous with the pinna.

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20
Q

where does the tympanic membrane lie?

A

the tympanic membrane lies at the distal end of the external acoustic meatus.

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21
Q

describe the arterial blood supply to the external ear.

A

arterial blood is supplied to the external ear via branches of the external carotid artery.

22
Q

describe sensory innervation to the external ear.

A

-lesser optical nerve (C2)
-CN V3
-Facial nerve
-vagus nerve (CN X)
-greater auricular nerve (C2, C3)

23
Q

describe the middle ear.

A

-the tympanic cavity is a narrow air filled chamber which contains the apparatus of the middle ear, it consists of 2 parts:
-tympanic cavity proper
-epitympanic recess

24
Q

describe the innervation of the middle ear.

A

the columnar-lined mucosa lines the middle ear and delivers sensory information via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

25
Q

describe the tensor tympani.

A

the tensor tympani dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the tympanic membrane- reduces the noise from chewing
- the tensor tympani is innervated by CN V3

26
Q

describe the stapedius muscle.

A

the stapedius muscle dampens sound by reducing vibrations of stapes on the oval window.
-the stapedius muscle is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

27
Q

How does the ear equalise its pressure?

A

the palate muscles will open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure between the ear and the nasopharynx.

28
Q

What are the functions of the inner ear?

A

-Hearing: cochlear
-Balance: saccule, utricle and semicircular canals

29
Q

describe nerve innervation to the inner ear.

A

the inner ear is supplied by the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
-enters the ear via the internal acoustic meatus and divides into 2 branches:
-the vestibular nerve: balance
-the cochlear nerve: hearing

30
Q

Describe the innervation to the external skin of the nose?

A

innervation to the external skin of the nose is supplied via the trigeminal nerve:
-CN V1 (superior)
-CN V2 (inferior)

31
Q

What are the devisions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • the nasal vestibule (skin)
    -the respiratory region (respiratory epithelium)
    -olfactory epithelium (apex of the nasal cavity lined by olfactory cells)
32
Q

Describe the nasal conchae and meatuses.

A

-conchae project out of the walls of the nasal cavity- there is 3 (superior, middle (ethmoid bone) and inferior)
-meatus are the gaps between these there are also 3 (superior, middle and inferior)

33
Q

how do fibres of the olfactory nerve enter and exit the nasal cavity?

A

the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone allows fibres of the olfactory nerve to enter and exit the nasal cavity.

34
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the nasal cavity.

A

-internal carotid
-external carotid

35
Q

Describe special sensation of the nasal cavity.

A

-special sensation of the nasal cavity is carried out by the olfactory nerves

36
Q

describe general sensory innervation to the nasal cavity.

A

-septum (CN V2)- passes through the foramen rotundum
-lateral wall (CN V1)- passes through the superior orbital fissure

37
Q

Describe the innervation of the tongue muscles.

A

All of the tongue muscles are innerated by CNXII (hypoglossal), except the palatoglossus which is innervated by CNX (vagus).

38
Q

Describe innervation of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

A

Anterior 2/3rds of tongue:
General sensory – CNV3.
Special sensory (taste) – CNVII.

39
Q

describe the innervation of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue.

A

Posterior 1/3rd of tongue:
General and special sensory – CNIX.

40
Q

describe the muscles of mastications functions and their innervation.

A

-Muscles of jaw closing: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid.
-Muscle of jaw opening: lateral pterygoid.
-Muscles of jaw closing and opening are all innervated by CNV3 – the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

41
Q

Describe the innervation of the palate.

A

-sensory innervation: CN V2
-Secretomotor innervation: CN VII
-Skeletal muscles of the soft palate are all innervated by CN X apart from the tensor veli palatini

42
Q

What innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

43
Q

What innervated the submandibular and the sub lingual glands?

A

-CN VII and CN V3

44
Q

Describe the constrictor muscles of the pharynx.

A

-they are the external layer of the pharyngeal muscles and they are innervated by CN X

45
Q

Describe the innervation of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx.

A

the inner longitudinal muscles are innervated by CN IX (stylopharyngeous) and CN X

46
Q

Describe the innervation of the gag reflex.

A

The gag reflex:
Sensory limb – CNIX.
Motor limb – CNIX + CNX

47
Q

describe the arterial supply to the cranial cavity.

A

the cranial cavity is supplied by the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.

48
Q

describe the arterial supply to the face.

A

the face is supplied by the external carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.

49
Q

describe the arterial supply to the neck.

A

the neck is supplied by the branches of the clavian artery and the external carotid artery

50
Q

what does the external carotid artery arise from and what does it give rise to?

A

the external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and it gives rise to:
-superior thyroid branch
-ascending pharyngeal branch
-lingual branch
-facial branch
-occipital branch
-posterior auricular branch
-maxillary branch
-superficial temporal branch

51
Q

What are all of the veins in the head and the neck ultimately drained into?

A

the internal jugular vein

Year 2 Anatomy (3 decks)

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