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Medicine > ENT and Opthalmology > Flashcards

ENT and Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 conditions/diseases in which it would be benficial to perform fundoscopy. (3)

A 
Diabetes
HTN
CVA
Cardiac disease
HIV
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2
Q

Name 3 causes of an acute red eye. (3)

Clue: GO SUCK

A 
Glaucoma
Orbital disease
Sleritis
Uveitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
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3
Q

What 5 eye diseases are important to cover? (5)

A 
Age related macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopathy
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Squint
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4
Q

Name 3 causes of a pale optic disc. (3)

A 
Advanced glaucoma
Optic neuropathy
  Neuritis
  Ischaemic
  Granulomatous
  Hereditary
  Trauma
  Toxic
  Irradiation
  Compression
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5
Q

Describe a optic disc on fundoscopy. (3)

A

Cup: Is the clear centre of the disc (no neuroretinal tissue), assess cup:disc (height) ratio. Normal is 0.3, increased may suggest glaucoma.
Colour: Disc should be pink/orange with clear centre. Pale is pathological.
Contour: are edges blurred eg papilloedema or drusen

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6
Q

Polly has conductive hearing loss of the left ear.
What examination results would you expect from Rinne’s and Weber’s tests? (2)
Whereabouts is the lesions most likely to be? (2)

A

Weber’s: Loudest in the affected ear
Rinne’s: Bone>air on affected side

Outer or middle ear

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7
Q

Where would a lesion be to cause sensorineural hearing loss? (2)

A

Inner ear, cochlea or cochlear nerve

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8
Q

Where would a lesion be to cause sensorineural hearing loss? (2)

A

Inner ear, cochlea or cochlear nerve

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ear. (3)

A

Outer ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
Middle: Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), Eustachian tube
Inner: Vestibule, Semicircular canals, Cochlear

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10
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ear. (3)

A

Outer ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
Middle: Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), Eustachian tube
Inner: Vestibule, Semicircular canals, Cochlear

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts of the vestibular apparatus? (2)

A 
Semicircular canals (rotatory)
Otoliths (linear acceleration)
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12
Q

What is BPPV? (2)

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Calcium debris in the semicircular canals causes vertigo lasting seconds/minutes provoked by head turning.

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13
Q

Which test can be used to diagnose BPPV? (1)

What is the treatment? (1)

A

Hallpike test

Epley manoeuvres.

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14
Q

What is cholesteatoma? (2)

What are the symptoms? (2)

A

Retraction of tympanic membrane that fills with desquamated squamous epithelium which is prone to infection.
There is a smelly discharge and destruction of ossicles causes hearing loss.
Untreated there is a high risk of meningitis or brain abscess.

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15
Q

What 3 factors constitute balance? (3)

A

Vision
Vestibular system
Proprioception

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16
Q

What 3 factors constitute balance? (3)

A

Vision
Vestibular system
Proprioception

17
Q

What is labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis? (2)

What is the treatment? (1)

A

Viral infection causes sudden onset of severe vertigo associated with nausea and vomiting lasting several days.
Vestibular sedative eg prochlorperazine

18
Q

What is Meniere’s disease? (2)

A

Episodic vertigo, unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus.
May have sensation of aural fullness.
Episodes last several hours.

19
Q

Describe the route of the facial nerve. (3)

A

Exits through internal auditory meatus and petrous temporal bone.
Runs along the medial wall of the inner ear.
Travels through parotid gland.

20
Q

Name 3 causes of a LMN facial nerve palsy. (3)

A 
Bell's palsy
Ramsey-Hunt syndrome
Parotid tumour
Otitis media
Trauma to temporal bone
21
Q

What are the Centor criteria. (4)

A

3/4 suggests bacterial (GABS) cause of tonsillitis

Tonsillar exudate
No cough
History of fever
Reactive cervical lymphadenopathy

22
Q

Why are tonsils more prominent in children? (2)

name 1 complication of very large tonsils. (1)

A

Normal exposure to pathogens in childhood and development of immune system.
Sleep apnoea or adenotonsillectomy.

23
Q

Why are tonsils more prominent in children? (2)

name 1 complication of very large tonsils. (1)

A

Normal exposure to pathogens in childhood and development of immune system.
Sleep apnoea or adenotonsillectomy.

24
Q

What is a quinsy? (1)

How would you treat? (2)

A

Peritonsillar abscess.
(Infection spreads from tonsils into peritonsilar space causing cellulitis and abscess formation)
Drainage by aspiration or incision, penicillin and analgesia

25
Q

Name 2 risk factors for oral malignancy? (2)

A

Spirit drinking
Chewing tobacco
Smoking

26
Q

What is the function of the larynx? (1)

A

Protects airway from aspiration and produces voice.

27
Q

What is the function of the larynx? (1)

A

Protects airway from aspiration and produces voice.

28
Q

What are vocal cord polyps and vocal cord nodules? (2)

A

Nodules: symmetrical swellings on cords caused by chronic voice use
Polyps: following acute infective episode.

29
Q

Which RLN is most commonly affected by bronchiogenic carcinoma to cause hoarseness? (1)

A

Left due to longer route around arch of aorta.

30
Q

Name 3 causes of conductive hearing loss? (3)

A

Congenital
Ext auditory canal: wax, foreign body, otitis extern, chronic suppuration
Drum: perforation
Middle: otosclerosis, otitis media

31
Q

Name 3 causes of sensorineural hearing loss. (3)

A 
Advancing age
Occupational acoustic trauma
Menieres disease
Drugs: gentamicin, furosemide
Acoustic neuroma
Cranial trauma
Inflammatory: TB meningitis, sarcoidosis, neurosyphilis
MS
Infarction
32
Q

How does glandular fever present? (2)

A

Severe sore throat
Creamy exudate
Cervical lymphadenopathy

33
Q

How does glandular fever present? (2)

A

Severe sore throat
Creamy exudate
Cervical lymphadenopathy

34
Q

Name 2 causes of amaurosis fugal? (2)

A

TIA

Temporal arteritis

35
Q

Name the three causes of red eye that do not require urgent referral. (3)

A

Conjunctivitis
Episcleritis
Subconjunctival haemorrhage

36
Q

Name 3 causes of red eye that require same day referral to an ophthalmologist. (3)

A 
Keratitis
Acute glaucoma
Anterior uveitis
Scleritis
Endopthalmitis
37
Q

Name 2 causes of gradual visual loss. (2)

A 
Slowly progressive optic atrophy
Chronic glaucoma
Cataracts
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular degeneration
Chronic retinal detachment
38
Q

Name 2 causes of acute painless loss of vision. (2)

A

The most common causes of a sudden painless loss of vision are as follows:

  • ischaemic optic neuropathy (e.g. temporal arteritis or atherosclerosis)
  • occlusion of central retinal vein
  • occlusion of central retinal artery
  • vitreous haemorrhage
  • retinal detachment

Medicine (14 decks)

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