Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension Flashcards
What is blood pressure?
The pressure of blood in the arteries, measured at the brachial artery
What are the common antihypertensives?
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- B-blockers
- Diuretics
- Alpha-antagonists
What is hypertension?
Known as high blood pressure, defined as having a sustained pressure of 140/90 mmHg or above
What is ideal blood pressure?
For a healthy person blood pressure should be 120/80 mmHg
What is the prevalence of HT?
Increases with age
- 2-5% aged under 25
- 25-45% aged in 50s
- 60-70% aged in 70s
What is secondary hypertension suggested by?
- Young age
- kidney dysfunction
- Severe, treatment resistant hypertension
What are the risk factors and CV risks?
- BP
- Sex
- Age
- Smoking
- Total cholesterol
- HDL cholesterol (good)
- Diabetes
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
What is primary hypertension ?
95% of people have this
- Sustained hypertension in the absence of underlying, potentially correctable cause
What is secondary hypertension?
5% of people have this
- High BP with an identified cause
What are long term risks of hypertension?
- End organ damage
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Renal failure
- Retinopathy
What effects does HT have on large arteries?
- Thickened elastic lamina
- Hypertrophies smooth muscle
- Fibrous tissue deposits
- Vessels dilate; tortuous and less compliant
What effect does HT have one small arteries?
- Hyaline arteriosclerosis in the walls
- narrowing of lumen
- aneurysms
- atheroma
How does HT affect the CNS?
- cerebral hemorrhage of infarction
- TIA
- Papilledema
What is grade 1 for HT retina ?
Arteriolar thickening, tortuosity, increased reflectiveness (silver wiring)
What is grade 2 for HT retina?
grade 1 plus constriction of veins at arterial crossings
