Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Chem - Content to Memorise > Equations to memorise > Flashcards

Equations to memorise Flashcards

1
Q

Group 2 metals reacting with water (eg. Ca)

A

Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Extraction of titanium

A

TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (l) → Ti (s) + 2MgCl2 (l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The removal of sulphur dioxide from flue gases

A

CaO (s) + 2H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
→ CaSO3 (s) + 2H2O (l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Making bleach (disproportionation)

A

2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) → NaClO (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chlorine and water (disproportionation)

A

Cl2 (g) + H20 (l) ←→ 2H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + ClO- (aq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sodium chloride reacting with concentrated sulphuric acid

A

NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (l) → NaHSO4 (s) + HCl (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sodium fluoride reacting with concentrated sulphuric acid

A

NaF (s) + H2SO4 (l) → NaHSO4 (s) + HF (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sodium bromide reacting with concentrated sulphuric acid

A

NaBr (s) + H2SO4 (l) → NaHSO4 (s) + HBr (g)

2HBr (g) + H2SO4 (l) → Br2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sodium iodide reacting with concentrated sulphuric acid

A

NaI (s) + H2SO4 (l) → NaHSO4 (s) + HI (g)

2HI (g) + H2SO4 (l) → I2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

6HI (g) + SO2 (g) → H2S (g) + 3I2 (s) + 2H2O (l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neutralisation rection

A

Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Production of nitrogen oxides in car engines

A

N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g)

2NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Removal of pollutants from exhaust (catalytic converter)

A

C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

2NO (g) → N2 (g) + O2 (g)

2NO (g) + 2CO (g) → N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flue gases (containing SO2) mixed with alkaline slurry

A

CaO (s) + SO2 (g) → CaSO3 (s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ozone formation

A

O2 →uv→ *O + *O

O2 + *O → O3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ozone depletion

A

*Cl+ O3 → O2 + *ClO

ClO* + O3 → 2O2 + Cl*

Overall: 2O3 → 3O2

(all in gaseous state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Industrial production of ethanol by hydration of ethene

What are the conditions for this reaction?

A

Conditions: steam at 300° and 60atm, with a solid phosphoric (V) acid catalyst

CH2CH2 (g) + H20 (g) ←H3PO4→ CH3CH2OH (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Industrial production of ethanol by fermentation

What are the conditions of this reaction?

A

Conditions: yeast (produces enzymes), 30°- 40°

C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is ethanol a carbon neutral biofuel? Use chemical equations to support your answer

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

2C2H5OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reduction of potassium dichromate (VI)

What colour change occurs here?

A

Colour change: orange to green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Brønsted-Lowry acid mixed with water

A

They are proton donors

HA (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O- (aq) + A- (aq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Brønsted-Lowry base mixed with water

A

They are proton acceptors

B (aq) + H2O (l) → BH+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

BL Acid and BL Base reaction

A

HA (aq) + B (aq) ←→ BH+ (aq) + A- (aq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dissociation of water

A

H2O (l) + H2O (l) ←→ H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

This simplifies to
H2O (l) ←→ H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reaction of sodium and water

A

2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Reaction of magnesium and water (and steam)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reaction of magnesium and steam

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Period 3 elements reacting with oxygen

A

2Na (s) + ½O2 (g) → Na2O (s)
sodium oxide

Mg (s) + ½O2 (g) → MgO (s)
magnesium oxide

2Al (s) + 1½O2 (g) → Al2O3 (s)
aluminium oxide

Si (s) + O2 (g) → SiO2 (s)
silicon dioxide

P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) → P4O10 (s)
phosphorus(V) oxide

S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
sulfur dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sodium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide reacting with water

A

Hydroxide ions are formed
(NaOH is more soluble so forms a more alkaline solution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Reactions of Phosphorus(V) oxide , Sulfur dioxide and Sulfur trioxide with water

A

The acids formed dissociate in solution to form a conjugate base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sodium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide reacting with acids

A

They are basic so will neutralise acids.

31
Q

Silicon Oxide, Phosphorus Oxide and Sulfur Oxides reacting with bases

A

They are acidic so will neutralise acids

32
Q

Reduction of vanadium using zinc metal (in an acidic solution)

A
33
Q

Reduction of Tollen’s reagent

A
34
Q

Redox titration of Fe2+ with MnO4-

A
35
Q

Redox titration of C2O42- with MnO4-

A
36
Q

The Contact Process

A
37
Q

Fe2+ catalysing the reaction between S2O82- and I-

A
38
Q

Mn2+ auto catalysing the reaction between MnO4- and C2O42-

A
39
Q

Reaction between metal-aqua 2+ ions and water
(eg. Fe2+)

A
40
Q

Reaction between metal-aqua 3+ ions and water
(eg. Al3+)

A
41
Q

Metal-aqua 2+ ions and water
(eg. Fe2+)

A
42
Q

Metal-aqua 3+ ions and water
(eg. Al3+)

A
43
Q

Adding OH- ions to solutions of metal-aqua 2+ ions (further hydrolysis)

A
44
Q

Adding OH- ions to solutions of metal-aqua 2+ ions (further hydrolysis)

A
45
Q

Write the two equations of aluminium hydroxide dissolving in excess base, and excess acid.

A
46
Q

Hydrolysis of metal-aqua ions (eg. Fe3+) using NH3

A
47
Q

Hydrolysis of metal-aqua ions (eg. Cu2+) using EXCESS NH3

A
48
Q

Hydrolysis of metal-aqua 2+ ions using Na2CO3

A
49
Q

Hydrolysis of metal-aqua 3+ ions using Na2CO3

A
50
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

What is the oxidising agent used?

A

Oxidising agent: potassium dichromate (VI)

51
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

What is the oxidising agent used?

A

Oxidising agent: potassium dichromate (VI)

52
Q

Reduction of aldehydes/ketones

What reducing agent is used?
What type of mechanism is this?

A

Reducing agent: NaBH4
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition

53
Q

Dissociation of carboxylic acids

A
54
Q

Esterification reactions

What are the conditions?

A

Conditions: heat a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, eg. concentrated H2SO4

55
Q

Acid hydrolysis (of esters)

What are the conditions for this reaction?

A

Conditions: reflux the ester with a dilute acid, eg. HCL

56
Q

Base hydrolysis (of esters)

What are the conditions of this reaction?

A

Conditions: reflux the ester with a dilute alkali, eg NaOH

57
Q

(Base) Hydrolysis of fats and oils

What are the conditions of this reaction?

A

Conditions: heat fat/oil with NaOH

58
Q

Production of biodiesel (from fat/oil)

What are the conditions for this reaction

A

Conditions: strong alkali catalyst, eg. NaOH

59
Q

Reaction of acyl chlorides and (cold) water

A

Acyl chloride + H2O → carboxylic acid + HCL

60
Q

Reaction of acid anhydrides and (cold) water

A

Acid anyhydride + H2O → carboxylic acid + carboxylic acid

61
Q

Reaction of acyl chlorides and (room temp) alcohols

A

Acyl chloride + alcohol → ester + HCL

62
Q

Reaction of acid anhydrides and (room temp) alcohols

A

Acid anhydride + alcohol → ester + carboxylic acid

63
Q

Reaction of acyl chlorides and (room temp) ammonia

A

Acyl chloride + NH3 → amide + HCL

64
Q

Reaction of acid anhydrides and (room temp) ammonia

A

Acid anhydride + NH3 → amide + carboxylic acid

65
Q

Reaction of acyl chlorides and (room temp) primary amines

A

Acyl chloride + primary amine → N-substituted amide + HCL

66
Q

Reaction of acid anhydrides and (room temp) primary amines

A

Acid anhydride + primary amine → N-substituted amide + carboxylic acid

67
Q

Manufacture of aspirin

A

*Can also be manufactured using ethanol chloride instead of ethanoic anhydride

68
Q

Formation of the nitronium ion (first step in nitration)

A
69
Q

Formation of the carbocation involved in Friedel-Crafts acylation

A
70
Q

Formation of amines from nitriles (in a lab)

What are the conditions for this reaction?

A

Conditions: strong reducing agent (LIAlH4), in dry ether, followed by dilute acid

71
Q

Formation of amines from nitriles (in industry - catalytic hydrogenation)

What are the conditions for this reaction?

A

Conditions: metal catalyst (Ni) at high temp and high pressure

72
Q

Formation of aromatic amines (by reducing nitrobenzene)

What steps must be taken for this reaction?

A

Step 1: a mixture of nitrobenzene, tin and concentrated HCL is heated under reflux - forming a salt

Step 2: an alkali (NaOH) is added - to turn the salt to an aromatic amine

73
Q

Iodine Clock Reaction

A

A-level Chem - Content to Memorise (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions