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AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ > Ergo 2 > Flashcards

Ergo 2 Flashcards

MEMORIZE

1
Q

refers to the mental processes that are involved in processing and handling information, i.e. encoding, maintaining, rehearsing, recalling, and transforming information in the human mind and brain.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

Any available system that processes information in its environment to act upon it could be called _________

A

Cognitive System

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3
Q

It is performed by the cognitive system

A

Cognitive work

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4
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making.

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5
Q

What is Cognitive Engineering?

A

is the application of cognitive psychology to the design and development of systems that support the cognitive processes of users.

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6
Q

It is also known as Cognitive Ergonomics

A

Cognitive Psychology

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7
Q

The objectives of cognitive ergonomics are to describe ___________ and _____________

A
  1. How task affects the mind
  2. How mind affects the task
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8
Q

The International Ergonomics Association formally defined cognitive ergonomics as a field of study concerned with mental processes, such as ____________, memory, reasoning, and ___________, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system”.

A

perception; motor response

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9
Q

Relative topics in cognitive ergonomics include?

A

mental workload
decision-making
skilled performance
human-computer interaction
human reliability
work stress
training

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10
Q

Cognitive Ergonomics is the intersection between ____ and _________

A

Human Factors; Cognitive psychology

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11
Q

Goal of Human Factors?

A

To apply knowledge in designing systems that work, accommodating human limits, and exploiting the advantages of a human operator as well

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12
Q

Goal of Cognitive/Experimental Psychology

A

To uncover the laws of behavior through experiments; experimental design unconstrained by any requirement for application

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13
Q

The aspects of human factors are?

A

safety
comfort
ease of use
productivity
aesthetics.

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14
Q

What are the areas that are not Cognitive Engineering?

A

Work physiology
Manual-materials handling
Anthropometry
Environment: illumination
Atmospheric conditions
Noise
Motion

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15
Q

What are the issues in cognitive ergonomics?

A

Human interaction with technology

Influence of cognitive tasks in the interaction with technology

Design to ensure well-being

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16
Q

What are the aims of cognitive ergonomics?

A

user-centered design

design of IT systems that support cognitive tasks (e.g., cognitive artifacts);

development of training programs; and

work redesign to manage cognitive workload and increase human reliability.

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17
Q

It is easier to change the human cognitive system than work conditions. T or F?

A

False; easier to change work conditions

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18
Q

Human skills are limited but adaptive. T or F?

A

True

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19
Q

What are the four categories of data?

A

Measure of speed or time
Measure of accuracy or error
Measure of workload or demand
Measure of preference

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20
Q

“How long does it take to perform a task?” is answered by which category of data?

A

Measure of speed or time

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21
Q

“What is the probability of a user pressing the wrong button?” is answered by which category of data?

A

Measure of accuracy or error

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22
Q

“How much cognitive or physical demand is required to complete a task?” is answered by which category of data?

A

Measure of workload or demand

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23
Q

“Which does the user prefer, design A or B?” is answered by which data category?

A

Measure of preference

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24
Q

Events in the environment are first processed by __________

A

senses

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25
Q

Events after first processed by our __________, are then stored briefly for no more than a second in the ____________.

A

senses; short-term sensory store (STSS)

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26
Q

What is perception?

A

involves determining the meaning of the sensory signal or event, and such meaning is, in turn, derived from past experience`

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27
Q

It is where our past experience is stored.

A

Long Term Memory

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28
Q

a decision based on a variety of factors, but one that must be made rapidly

A

Response selection

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29
Q

the function of working memory is not just to store information, but also to think about it. This is called as ________

A

Cognition

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30
Q

Acts as a filter of information that is sensed and perceived

A

Attention

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31
Q

an executed response changes the environment and hence creates a new and different pattern of information to be sensed is shown by _____________

A

Feedback

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32
Q

Man-machine systems cycle

A

Perception (Man)
Interpretation Decision (Man)
Handling of Controls (Man)
Control Instrument (Machine)
Production (Machine)
Display Instrument (Machine)

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33
Q

What is signal detection?

A

Situation in which an observer classifies the world into one of the two states

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34
Q

What are the two states of signal detection?

A

YES, there is a signal

No, there is no signal

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35
Q

The physical trait that captures sensory information and transforms it for use by the brain

A

Sensation

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36
Q

It is the transduction of energy into neural impulses

A

Sensation

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37
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

How receptors adjust to the information received from the environment in relation to a task

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38
Q

It is adjusting receptors to minimize the input of information

A

Down regulate

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39
Q

What is Up Regulate

A

Adjusting receptors to maximize input of information

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40
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information

41
Q

Information-bearing patterns is referred to as ______________ in living organisms and _________ in machines.

A

Stimulus; signal

42
Q

Random patterns are also known as

A

Noise

43
Q

The two states of information processing in the task of detection

A
  1. Sensory evidence is aggregated concerning the presence or absence of a signal
  2. A decision is made about whether this evidence came from a signal or not.
44
Q

Outcomes of SDT

A

SIGNAL

  1. Hit (Yes)
  2. Miss (No)

NOISE

  1. False Alarm (Yes)
  2. Correct Rejection (No)
45
Q

Neural activity rate _________ with the stimulus intensity

A

increases

46
Q

Random variations that causes the evidence variable X to vary continuously

A

Environment

Operator’s own base-line level

47
Q

This measures how discriminable 2 distributions are

A

Sensitivity; d’

48
Q

Measures sensitivity of observer or strength of signal relative to background noise (how easy the signal detection task is)

A

d’

49
Q

Interpretation for

Large d’?
Low d’?
0.5 to 2?

A

Large d’ - sensitivity is high
Low d’ - sensitivity is low
0.5 t 2 - value of d’ in most situations

50
Q

Criterion in detecting a signal

A

Response Criterion, Xc

51
Q

The location of the response criterion will dictate if the observer is ________ and ___________

A

Risky; Conservative

52
Q

When is an observer risky?

A

Saying yes most of the time

53
Q

When is an observer conservative?

A

Saying no most of the time

54
Q

Where is Xc located if there is a greater chance of saying Yes

A

Left

55
Q

Where is Xc located if there is a greater chance of saying No

A

Right

56
Q

Response Bias

A

Ratio of neural activity produced by a signal and noise at Xc.

Determined by height of signal distribution/height of noise distribution

57
Q

What are the factors that affect criterion?

A

Individual differences
Probabilities
Payoffs

58
Q

Low criterion in individual differences means ________

High criterion, otherwise, means __________

A

Liberal in saying yes; Conservative

59
Q

In probabilities, when lots of stimulus are present, ___________

A

you will lower criterion

60
Q

In probabilities, when few of stimulus are present, ___________

A

You will raise criterion

61
Q

Reasons for sluggish beta

A
  • Overestimates the prob of rare events
  • Underestimates the prob of frequent events
62
Q

Receiver Operating Characteristic
Curve (ROC)

A
  • Portrays the equivalence of sensitivity across changing
    levels of bias
    *It shows the joint effects of sensitivity and response bias
    in signal detection analysis.
63
Q

Benefits of SDT

A

*Provides the ability to compare sensitivity and the
quality of performance between conditions or
between operators that may differ in response bias

*Optimal setting of beta

*It provides a diagnostic tool that recommends
corrective action

64
Q

Interpret β greater than one

A

Operator has bias towards responding NO to trials

65
Q

Interpret β lesser than one

A

Operator has bias towards responding YES to trials

66
Q

is defined as the distance
between the criterion and the neutral point, where neither response is favored. The neutral point is located where the noise and signal distributions cross over

A

criterion, c

67
Q

is the interpretation of stimuli from surrounding environment.

A

Perception

68
Q

may be defined as integration of information that is provided by the senses in order to make sense of the world

A

Perception

69
Q

What is mental schema?

A

generally built through
perceptual process which in turn helps in cognition.

70
Q

What is perceptual organization

A

‘the process by which we apprehend particular relationships among potentially separate stimulus elements

71
Q

What are the types of perception?

A

Visual
Auditory
Smell
Touch
Taste

72
Q

Two types of processing information

A

Bottom-up and Top-down

73
Q

It is data driven. Stimulus influences our perception, and perception directs cognition

A

Bottom-Up

74
Q

(concept-driven)
- Background knowledge influences perception
- Perception is constructed by cognition

A

Top-Down

75
Q

Gestalt’s principles of perception

A

Proximity
Similarity
Enclosure
Symmetry
Closure
Continuity
Connection
Figure & Ground

76
Q

What is memory?

A

is the ability to retain information as mental
impressions in the brain.

77
Q

According to Olson (1985), memory does not act as
a unitary whole rather it is a series of three separate
entities:

A

Sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory

78
Q
  • According to the information-processing model, the human brain takes essentially meaningless information and turns it into meaningful patterns. It does this through three steps:
A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
79
Q

What is Encoding?

A

the modification of information to fit the
preferred format for the memory system.

80
Q

In most cases, encoding is ________ and without our ____________

A

Automatic; awareness

81
Q

Other encoding, however, like these notes, require extra encoding effort called _____________ n to make the memory useful.

A

elaboration

82
Q

When we are exposed to stimuli and encode
information, we do it in three ways or Three ways of Encoding:

A
  1. Semantic Encoding
    * encoding of meaning
    * including meaning of words
  2. Acoustic Encoding
    * encoding of sound
    * especially sound of words
  3. Visual Encoding
    * encoding of picture images
83
Q

What is storage?

A

the retention of encoding material over time

84
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

▪ Sensory Memory
▪ Working Memory (short-term memory)
▪ Long-term Memory

85
Q

____________ the shortest of our memories and generally holds sights, sounds, smells, textures and other sensory information for a fraction of a second

A

Sensory

86
Q

Give the corresponding memory of each simulation

Visual Stimulation
Auditory Stimulation
Tactile Stimulation
Olfactory Stimulation
Gustatory Stimulation

A

Visual Stimulation > iconic memory

Auditory Stimulation > echoic memory

Tactile Stimulation > tactile sensory memory

Olfactory Stimulation > olfactory memory

Gustatory Stimulation > gustatory memory

87
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

often known as short term
memory. It is the place where we sort and encode
information before transferring it to long-term
memory, or forgetting it.

88
Q

The working memory holds information for how long?

A

20 seconds

89
Q

The two limitations of working memory?

A

Limited capacity
Short duration

90
Q

Coping mechanisms for the limitations of working memory

A

o Chunking
o Rehearsal

91
Q

_______________ is essentially all of your knowledge of yourself and the world around you. Unless an injury or illness occurs, this memory is limitless

A

Long-Term Memory

92
Q

Types of Long Term Memory

A
  1. Declarative Memory a.k.a. Explicitly Memory (knowing what)

1.1 Semantic Memory (language, facts, general knowledge)

1.2 Episodic Memory (events, experiences)

  1. Procedural Memory a.k.a. Implicit Memory (knowing how)

includes:
Motor skills, operant conditioning, classical conditioning

93
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

The locating and recovering of information from memory

94
Q

T or F?

While some memories return to us in a split second, other seemed to be
hidden deeper, and still others are never “recovered” correctly.

A

True

95
Q

Memory is built and retrieved in three different
ways:

A

RECALL
RECOGNITION
RELEARNING

96
Q

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

A

Recall

97
Q

What is Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person has to only identify the previously learned information.

98
Q

What is Relearning?

A

a measure of memory that assess the time saved while learning material again.

AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ (15 decks)

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