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AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ > ERGO 2 MIDTERMS > Flashcards

ERGO 2 MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

An inapproproate or undesirable human decision that reduces effectiveness and safety or exceeds system tolerances

A

human error

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2
Q

An error due entirely to the human operator

A

operator error

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3
Q

T/F: you can’t eliminate operator error but a good human factors design will make these virtually impossible

A

T

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4
Q

An error due to poor design

A

design error

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5
Q

The two kinds of theories of accident causation:

A

accident-proneness theories

job demand vs. worker capability theories

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6
Q

What does the accident-proness theory suggest?

A

certain individuals are more likely to have accidents than others

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7
Q

it suggests that accident-proneness is limited to specific factors

A

accidental liability

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8
Q

When does accident liability increase?

A

when job demand exceeds worker capabilities

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9
Q

what are the theories under job demand vs. worker capability theories

A

adjustment-to-stress theory

arousal-alertness theory

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10
Q

enumerate the stages of human decision making where errors can occur

AOIIDEPP - Astronauts Often Imagine Incredible Destinations, Every Possible Places

A
  1. Activation/detection of system state signal
  2. Observation and data collection
  3. Identification of system state
  4. Interpretation of situation
  5. Definition of objectives
  6. Evaluation of alternative strategies
  7. Procedure selection
  8. Procedure execution
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11
Q

Unsafe acts can either be ___________ or __________ actions

A

Intended; Unintended

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11
Q

What are the two basic errors that fall under Unintended Action?

A

Slip and Lapse

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12
Q

It is a basic error that pertains to attentional failures

A

Slip

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13
Q

It is a basic error which pertains to memory failures

A

Lapse

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14
Q

Intended Actions yield to ___________ and ______________ (not a basic error)

A

Mistakes; Violation

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15
Q

A basic error that pertains to rule-based or knowledge-based mistakes

A

Mistake

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16
Q

This pertains to routine violations and sabotage

A

Violation

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17
Q

Enumerate the four categories of error mechanisms

A

skill based
perceptual based
decision based
knowledge based

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18
Q

what are the errors that fall under skill based?

A

attention failures
memory failures
execution failures

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19
Q

what are the errors that fall under perceptual based?

A

visual
auditory
tactile

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20
Q

what are the errors that fall under decision based?

A

misapplication of a good rule

application of a bad rule

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21
Q

what are the knowledge based errors?

A

inaccurate knowledge of the system

incomplete knowledge of the system

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22
Q

Enumerate all attentional failures

ICORMM - I Can Often Remember My Mnemonics

A

Intrusion
Commission
Omission
Reversal
Misordering
Mistiming

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23
Q

Identify the kind of attentional failure:

  1. Joy trespasses into a restricted construction site despite the No Entry sign
  2. Alan forgot to lock the doors and thus left the house vulnerable to theft
  3. Kent realized he emailed his nudes instead of the company files to the CEO and tried to retract it.
  4. The technician accidentally connected the wrong wires and thus causing machine malfunction
  5. The chef assembled the lasagna without layering the pasta, causing a messy dish
  6. David did not wake up despite multiple alarms and missed his meeting
A
  1. Intrusion – entering a dangerous area / location
  2. Omission – failure to due something
  3. Reversal – trying to stop or undo a task already initiated
  4. Commission – performing an act incorrectly
  5. Misordering – task or set of task performed in the wrong
    sequence
  6. Mistiming – person fails to perform the action within the time
    allotted
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24
Q

Losing one’s place and forgetting intentions are examples of what type of failure?

A

memory failures

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25
Q

A person believing that since he is in a crowd where many people can see him, he will not be robbed is an example of what rule-based mistake?

A

Application of a bad rule

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26
Q

A patient deliberately stopping his medication for fear of addiction even though the medicine is not addictive is what kind of rule-based mistake?

A

misapplication of a good rule

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27
Q

Enumerate the contributing factors in accident causation

MEEWSW - Monkey-Eating Eagle With Swift Wings

A

Management

Environment

Equipment

Work

Social/Psychological environment

Worker/coworkers

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28
Q

Enumerate all Typical Errors associated with new technologies and systems

MGNODNA - My Goodness! Never Order Dried Nuts and Almonds

A
  • Mode Error
  • Getting Lost
  • Not Coordinating Data Entries
  • Overload
  • Data Overload
  • Not Noticing Changes
  • Automation Surprises
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29
Q

Identify what type of typical error:

  1. A typical error wherein the user thought system was in one mode but was actually in another
  2. System automation did something the user did not expect
  3. Users are forced to sort through a large amount of data
  4. User is lost in display architectures
  5. Poor coordination between multiple users in the same system
  6. System use is draining attention resources from other equally important tasks
  7. failure to notice changes used in communication systems
A
  1. Mode Error
  2. automation surprises
  3. data overload
  4. getting lost
  5. not coordinting data entries
  6. overload
  7. not noticing changes
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29
Q

What are the three generic approaches to minimizing human error?

A

Personnel selection
Training
Design

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29
Q

It appropriates skills and capabilities to perform required tasks

A

Personnel Selection

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29
Q

It helps ensuring appropriate skills but can be expensive and time-consuming

A

Training

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29
Q

A preferred method; preference on the kinds of displays and controls used

A

Design

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30
Q

Categories of design

A

Exclusionary
Preventive
Fail-safe

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30
Q

It is a systematic way of identifying potential human errors

A

human error analysis

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30
Q

human error analysis usually starts with ___________

A

task analysis

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31
Q

The phases of task analysis

A

Data collection
Task description
Task analysis

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32
Q

Task analysis begins with data collection __________ of interest and the ____________ in which the task is performed

A

about the task; work system

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33
Q

Usual data gathering methods:

A
  • observation of users doing tasks
  • worker interviews
  • review of archival data sources
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34
Q

The steps in task description

A

Create a task lexicon
develop task descriptions

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35
Q

This step in task analysis makes comparisons between the demands of the task and the capabilities of the system. The analyst also identifies mismatches in between the two.

A

Task Analysis

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36
Q

Enumerate the typical investigation errors due to hindsight bias

CDMC - Cebu Doctors Medical Center

A

Counterfactual reasoning
Data availability
micro-matching error
cherry-picking error

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37
Q

is the inclination, after an event occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it

A

Hindsight bias

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38
Q

Hindsight bias is also known as

A

knew-it-all-along effect

creeping determinism

39
Q

a typical investigation error that states only what uses should have done to avoid mishap and does not explain why users did what they did

A

counterfactual reasoning

40
Q

a typical investigation error that points out data that could have revealed the true nature of the situation

A

data availability

41
Q

a typical investigation error that matches fragments of peoples overall performance with rules and procedures taken from documentation

A

Micro-matching error

42
Q

a typical investigation error that identifies an over-arching condition in hindsight based in the outcome then tracing back through the sequence of events to confirm conclusions

A

cherry-picking error

43
Q

It is the operator’s ability to detect signals over time period

A

vigilance

44
Q

what is vigilance task?

A

it is when the operator is required to detect signals over a long period of time

45
Q

types of signals:

A

infrequent; intermittent; predictable

46
Q

it is the state of the nervous system presumed to mediate performance in vigilance tasks

A

vigilance level

47
Q

High vigilance = __________

Low vigilance = _____________

A

state of readiness; inattentive/fatigued

48
Q

What is vigilance decrement

A

a deterioration in the ability of observer to remain vigilant for critical signals over time

49
Q

The two trends in operators’ performance in vigilance situation:

A
  1. opertors show lower vigilance levels than desirable
  2. vigilance levels decline steeply after first hour or so of the watch
50
Q

What are the two vigilance situations?

A
  1. Inspection situation
  2. Free-response situation
51
Q

a vigilance situation where events occur at regular intervals and TIME IS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

A

Inspection situation

52
Q

a vigilance situation where the target event may occur at any event and non-events are undefined

A

free-response situation

53
Q

Formula for inspection situation

A

Event frequency = # of targets / # of events

54
Q

Formula for free-response situation

A

Event frequency = # of targets/ unit time (e.g. minutes)

55
Q

SIM-SUC simply means

A

simultaneous - successive

56
Q

in a successive situation, the observer must ___________

A

remember target

57
Q

in a simultaneous situation, the target is ___________

A

simply shown

58
Q

SENSORY-COGNITIVE:

In _______________, signals represent changes in visual or __________ intensity

whereas in ______________ situation, signals are changes in ___________.

A

sensory situation; auditory; cognitive; letters/numbers

59
Q

Two types of stimuli

A

cognitive and sensory

60
Q

Vigilance and SDT are determined by the ____________ as in the signal detection approach

A

number of hits

61
Q

Vigilance and SDT are affected by ____________

A

-by operator bias
-decrease in sensitivity

62
Q

Enumerate the factors affecting sensitivity

TSESTC - Taylor Swift Enters Stadium Through Crowds

A
  • Target Uncertainty
  • Signal strength
  • Event rate
  • Simultaneous tasks
  • Task automization
  • Cognitive stimuli
63
Q

The two theories of vigilance:

A

Sensitivity Loss: Fatigue Theory

Sensitivity Loss: Sustained Demand Theory

64
Q

According to Sensitivity Loss: ______________; fatigue and attentional lapses are caused by _____________

A

Fatigue theory; continued vigilance

65
Q

Working memory load is also known as

A

sustained attentional demand

66
Q

It is when observers become more conservative over time

A

Bias Increment

67
Q

Bias is measured using ________

A

beta

68
Q

(Increase/Decrease) in Target Probability makes observer more liberal

A

increase

69
Q

Increases in Payoffs makes observer more ________

A

liberal

70
Q

what does the Bias Increment: Expectancy Theory state?

A

VIgilance decrement is due to shift in criterion and not reduced sensitivity

71
Q

what does the Bias Increment: Arousal Theory state?

A

decreased arousal reduces both variability and mean of noise and signal+noise distributions

72
Q

what occurs as stated by arousal theory?

A

evidence variable shrinks while the criterion remains the same. Percent of hits and false alarms are reduced but sensitivity d’ remains the same

73
Q

How to improve vigilance performance?

A
  • show target examples
  • reduce/vary event rate
  • training
  • reduce number of potential targets
74
Q

How to improve sensitivity?

A
  • take advantage of attention grabbing stimuli
  • compress motion of long term events
  • use redundant coding
75
Q

it occurs when an observer assigns a stimulus into one of multiple categories along a sensory dimension

A

absolute judgement

76
Q

Unit of information used in quantifying information

A

bit

77
Q

what does bit stand for?

A

binary digit

78
Q

what does bit measure?

A

the distinction between two possibilities which are famously 0 and 1

79
Q

Absoute Judgement has two dimensions namely single and multi-dimensional

what are under both these two dimensions?

A

SINGLE
- Channel capacity
- Edge effect

MULIT-DIMENSIONAL
- Orthogonal
- Correlated

80
Q

In a person is presented with a number of stimuli that vary on one dimension and responds to each stimulus with a corresponding response that has been learned before*

A

single dimension

81
Q

stimuli located in the middle of the range of presented stimuli are generally identified with ___________ than those at extremes

A

poorer accuracy

82
Q

What are the two physical dimensions?

A

separable and integral

83
Q

each dimension is perceived as independent of other dimensions

A

separable dimension

84
Q

one dimension of the stimulus affects the perception of other dimensions; dimensions are dependent

A

integral dimension

85
Q

according to Garner’s sorting task, what are the three ways to do so one can tell if dimensions are integral or separable

A

Control, one-dimensional control condition

Orthogonal - sorting on one varying dimension while ignoring variation in the other dimension

Correlated - two dimensions are perfectly correlated

86
Q

It is the amount of work that is given to an individual, the time pressure under which a task is performed, the level of effort exerted, success in meeting requirements, and psychological and physiological consequences of the task

A

Mental workload

87
Q

It is any external influence impinging on human beings and affecting them mentally

A

Mental stress

88
Q

enumerate the factors increasing workload

ISMEC - I Sip My Expresso Carefully

A

Increased level of task accuracy

Stricter time demands

More tasks to be performed

Environment

Cognitive capacities and skills of indv.

89
Q

What is workload assessment?

A

the quantification of busy-ness to compare two systems, operators, time intervals or to make absolute predictions

90
Q

Why measure workload?

A
  • identifies bottlenecks in system performance
  • assess operator differences such as skill or automacity
91
Q

Criteria for choosing MWL Assessment

SDIIO - Slow Down I’m In Ovulation

A

Sensitivity

Diagnosticity

Intrusiveness

Implementation
requirements

Operator acceptance

92
Q

What are the analytical techniques in assessing MWL?

CEMTS - Come Eat My Tacos, Sir

A

Comparison

Expert Opinion

Math Models

Task Analysis Methods

Simulation Models

93
Q

What are the empirical techniques in assessing MWL?

PSPS - Please Stop Putting Salt

A

Primary Task

Secondary task

Physiological Measures

Subjective Measures

94
Q

an empirical technique that have two people perform task on two systems and WHOEVER HAS BETTER PERFORMANCE HAS LOWER WORKLOAD

A

Primary Task Measures

95
Q

an empirical technique that has a person perform two tasks simultaneously and USING PERFORMANCE ON SECONDARY TASK AS A MEASURE OF WORKLOAD

A

Secondary Task Measure

96
Q

What are three physiological measures?

EPH - East Philippine Hospital

A

Evoked potentials (EPs)

Pupil Diameter

Heart-Rate Variability

97
Q

a physiological measure that measures residual capacity

A

evoked potentials

98
Q

a physiological measure that states diameter increases as load increases

A

pupil diameter

99
Q

a variability in heart rate decreases as the load increases

A

heart-rate variability

100
Q

these are behavioral measures and dissociate from task performance

A

subjective measures

101
Q

subjective measures reflect on two factors:

A
  • effort
  • number of tasks
102
Q

What are the benefits of subjective measures?

A
  • does not disrupt primary task performance
  • relatively easy to derive
  • high face validity
  • more direct than any other measure
103
Q

examples of subjective measures

A

Cooper Harper Scale

Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)

NASA TLX (Task Load Index)

AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ (15 decks)

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