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Nutrition > Essential nutrients > Flashcards

Essential nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and maintenance of life

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2
Q

Macronutrients supply what?

A

energy

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3
Q

T or F: Micronutrients do not supply energy

A

true

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4
Q

6 basic classes of nutrients

A

Macronutrients - Proteins, carbohydrates and fats
Micronutrients - Minerals, vitamines and water (most important)

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5
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Body cannot make (synthesize) these nutrients, it must be provided through diet

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6
Q

Non-essential nutrients

A

Nutrients that the body CAN make (synthesize)

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7
Q

Obligate carnivore

A

A being that depends on animal-based protein for survival (70% meat at least)

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8
Q

1 Calorie

A

amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 C or how much energy we need to burn for X amount of water

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9
Q

Protein maintains what?

A

maintains structure
provides energy
provides essential amino acids

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10
Q

Responsibility of protein in the body

A

Building and repairing muscle
growing hair
Forming new skin cells

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11
Q

2 factors that affect protein quality

A

Digestibility
Essential amino acid content

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12
Q

Proteins are composed of ______________________

A

a chain of amino acids

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13
Q

1 g of protein = ?

A

4Kcal energy

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14
Q

Palatability

A

How much a pet likes a food
Influenced by odor, temp, texture, mouth-feel, fat, water, salt

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15
Q

Digestibility

A

Amount of nutrients in food available for absorption after consumption
Influenced by quality of ingredients and processing technique

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16
Q

What does digestibility refer to?

A

how much of a protein the body will use and the leftover that’ll be discarded

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17
Q

What happens to undigested proteins?

A

moves from the small intestine to the large intestine where they contact both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria ferments protein in the colon causing gas and poor poops

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18
Q

Dogs require ___ essential amino acids

A

10

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19
Q

Cats require _____ essential amino acids with an addition of _____

A

11;Taurine

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20
Q

11 essential amino acids

A

Arginine
Leucine
Phenylalanine
Valine
Histidine
Lysine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Threonine
Taurine

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21
Q

When was it discovered that cats need taurine?

A

late 1980’s

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22
Q

Can cats produce their own taurine?

A

no!

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23
Q

A taurine deficiency can cause what in cats?

A

cardiac arrest and retinal degeneration

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24
Q

T or F: Cats aren’t obligate carnivores

A

false - they are!

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25
Q

Protein sources in pet food - from most digestible to least

A

Egg
Wheat gluten
Soy protein isolate
Corn gluten
Chicken meal
Chicken
Chicken feet

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26
Q

Veterinary diets ensure what?

A

that proteins are at least 90% digestible

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27
Q

Adult cats/dogs should have how many BMs daily?

A

2-3 bowel movements

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28
Q

Growing dogs/cats should have how many BMs daily?

A

3-4 bowel movements

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29
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

Broken down and used as energy
Turns into carbohydrate precursors
Converted into glycogen or fat and stored for future energy use

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30
Q

T or F: The body cannot store a lot of protein for future use

A

true

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31
Q

T or F: Cats have a higher protein requirement which means protein is used as an energy source

A

true

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32
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars
starches
fibers

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33
Q

Why are carbohydrates called that?

A

at the chemical level they have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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34
Q

Where can carbs be found?

A

fruits
grains
vegetables
milk products

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35
Q

Major carb required by cells

A

glucose

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36
Q

T or F: Carbs are an inexpensive source of energy, fiber and palatability

A

true

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37
Q

Main function of carbs

A

to supply energy

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38
Q

1 g carbs = ?

A

4Kcal energy

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39
Q

What happens when enough carbs are provided to the body?

A

the body spares protein from energy uses and puts it towards tissue repair/growth

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40
Q

Are carbs considered essential?

A

no

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41
Q

T or F: There is no deficiency syndrome for a lack of carbs

A

true - they provide quick energy and support GI tract

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42
Q

T or F: Appropriate levels of carbs will predispose cats to be obesity

A

false

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43
Q

Raw diets contain what?

A

almost no fiber - most patients suffer from constipation

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44
Q

What is fiber classified as despite not being used for the same purpose?

A

Carbohydrate - doesn’t break down surgars for energy

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45
Q

Fiber is used to what?

A

“dilute” calories

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46
Q

Fiber resists what?

A

digestion in the stomach and small intestine

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47
Q

Fiber is used in diets for what reasons?

A

improve stool quality
slow intestinal transit time
aids with satiety and weight loss

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48
Q

Soluble fiber

A

Improves stool quality
regulates motility
absorbs water
lowers blood sugar levels
useful in cases of constipation
Psyllium, Maltodextrin, Fructioligosaccharides

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49
Q

Insoluble fiber

A

increases fecal bulk
does NOT absorb water
stimulates motility
increases satiety
lowers risk of heart disease/cancers
can be used to manage/treat cases of diabetes, obesity and constipation
cellulose, beet pulp, oat bran

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50
Q

Example of a fiber with mixed solubility

A

pea fiber

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51
Q

In cases of constipation what form of fiber is useful?

A

both forms (soluble and insoluble) are useful

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52
Q

Can you use insoluble fiber with a severe case of obstipation and megacolon?

A

since there is often a functional impairment you should avoid insoluble fiber because it will fill the colon faster

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53
Q

Fat in commerical pet foods

A

primary energy source

54
Q

1g fat = ?

A

9Kcal - double the energy of protein and carbs

55
Q

Lipids are composed of what?

A

simple to complex molecules that consist of fats and oils

56
Q

Fats are composed of what?

A

triglycerides - 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol chain

57
Q

Fat can be found where?

A

in plant and animal sources

58
Q

Fat improves _______ of food

A

palatability

59
Q

The more _____ a diet has, the more _____ dense it will be

A

fat;energy

60
Q

Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

61
Q

The main functions of fat

A

providing and storing energy
making up cell membraine structure
insulation and protection
acting as signaling agents and hormones
forming other compounds like cholesterol

62
Q

Omega 6 Fat

A

vegetable oils

63
Q

Benefits of omega 6

A

important for skin/coat health
essential fatty-acid
linoleic and arachidonic acid (essential in cats for growth/reproductions or as precurses for inflammatory mediators)

64
Q

Omega 3 fat

A

fish oil or marine sources (fish)

65
Q

Benefits of omega 3

A

decreases inflammation in joints
improves blood flow to kidneys
eicosapaentanoic acid (EPA) - marine source
Docosahaexanoic acid (DHA) - marine source
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) - only omega 3 that comes from a plant source

66
Q

Dogs can convert about 5% of ALA to _____ and _____

A

EPA;DHA

67
Q

Since cats cannot convert ALA they need what in their diet to supply EPA and DHA

A

marine source

68
Q

Fat deficiency signs

A

delayed wound healing
dry hair coat
scaly skin
skin infections

69
Q

Minerals are needed in the diet for?

A

metabolic processes

70
Q

Minerals can be found where?

A

in salts and dietary ingredients

71
Q

what is Ash?

A

the gross estimation of mineral content in food - 5-8%

72
Q

Minerals aid in what?

A

bone structure
nerve function
formation of cartilage/skin
normal function of thyroid gland

73
Q

What happens if there’s too many minerals?

A

can bind together - decreases the bioavailability - results in deficiency

74
Q

How many minerals are essential for dogs/cats and what groups are they divided into?

A

12 minerals are essential; Macrominerals and microminerals(trace minerals)

75
Q

12 essential minerals

A

macrominerals - calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium
Microminerals(trace minerals) - iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, iodine, cobalt

76
Q

It’s the ______ of the amount of minterals that’s important

A

balance

77
Q

What mineral is needed in its highest amount?

A

calcium

78
Q

The amount of calcium absorbed is _____ to the volume ingested

A

proportional - puppies absorb CA passively

79
Q

Excess Ca can cause what?

A

harmful skeletal development in puppies
radius curvus
osteoarthritis

80
Q

Ca is needed for what?

A

muscle contraction
nerve impulses

81
Q

When are bones formed?

A

after all Ca needs have been met

82
Q

Absorption of Ca in adult dogs is __________ by ________

A

regulated;hormones

83
Q

2nd largest constituent of bone and teeth

A

phosphorous

84
Q

phosphorous is an __________ __________ ________

A

energy producing compound

85
Q

2 rich sources of phosphorous

A

meat and bones

86
Q

Phosphorous needs a specific ratio to _____ for optimal health

A

calcium

87
Q

Raw diets contain what?

A

high levels of phosphorous - complete and balanced diets respect the ratio

88
Q

Who for and why does phosphorous intake need to be lowered?

A

for patients with kidney disease since they cannot process it right

89
Q

Why are vitamins necessary?

A

otherwise it can cause deficiency syndromes like scurvy

90
Q

Primary role for most vitamins

A

act as cofactors in metabolic reactions

91
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K - stored in body fat/liver and found in fatty soiurces like eggs

92
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B,C - excreted woth water loss and found mostly in vegetables

93
Q

T or F: Fat soluble vitamins can accumulate to toxic levels in the liver

A

true - food recalls with high levels of VD

94
Q

T or F: Water soluble vitamins have limited storage and excrete fast which means toxicity is less likely

A

true

95
Q

All commercial pet foods contatin ______ supplementation

A

vitamin

96
Q

T or F: It isn’t difficult to formulate a diet that meets all vitamin requirements entirely from ingredients sources

A

false

97
Q

Vit D regulates what?

A

calcium and phosphorous metabolism

98
Q

Dogs/cats are inefficient at what?

A

converting Vit D precursors into the active form (using UV light) so they’re dependent on a dietary source

99
Q

What do humans and guinea pigs need that dogs/cat synthesize on their own?

A

Vit C - should still be added to diets

100
Q

Vit C plays a huge role in what?

A

collagen and elastin formation which is important for connective tissue production

101
Q

Why can’t cats converts carotenoids (plant pigment/carotene) to Vit A

A

they lack the necessary enzymes so it must be provided in their diet

102
Q

Oxidative stress can be caused by what?

A

variety of influences - UV light, pollution, stress or poor diet

103
Q

What is it called when an O2 molecule splits into atoms with unpaired electrons

A

free-radicals

104
Q

Free radicals

A

search for a pair - causes damange to body cells
it can pair to electrons present on cell membranes - makes the cell unstable

105
Q

Antioxidants

A

have an extra electron that pairs with damaged cells - neutralizes it to prevent further damage

106
Q

T or F: Water is the most important nutrient

A

true

107
Q

What % of human/animal body weight is water

A

50-70%

108
Q

Some reasons why water is needed

A

temperature regulation
digestion
other metabolic processes
other chemical reactions

109
Q

Dehydration

A

decreased amount of water in body

110
Q

3 routes of water loss

A

urinary excretion
fecal water
evaporation from lungs during respiration

111
Q

Water consumption must compensate for what?

A

continual fluid losses

112
Q

How do most healthy pets regulate water balance?

A

through volountary intake

113
Q

2 ways dogs/cats can obtain daily water

A

drinking and eating - dryfood = 10% water - canned food = 75% water

114
Q

How much water dogs/cats need per day

A

dogs = 60-80mls/a day per kg of body weight
cats = 50mls/a day per kg of body weight

115
Q

2 Examples of calculating water intake for dogs/cats

A

dogs = 60-80mls/ per day per kg of body weight (5 kg dog needs 300-400 mls a day)
cats = 50mls/ per day per kg of body weight (5 kg cat needs 250 mls)

116
Q

If a dog weighs 25 kg how much water should it be drinking per day?

A

1500-2000 mls (1.5 - 2L)

117
Q

5% loss of total body water can result in what?

A

sluggishness and an overall unwell feeling in our pets

118
Q

10% loss of total body water can result in what?

A

serious illnesses

119
Q

15% loss of total body water may result in what?

A

death

120
Q

Kilocalorie

A

Kcal/calorie
amount of energy/heat needed to raise the temp of 1kg of water by 1 C

121
Q

Digestible Energy

A

DE
gross energy (GE) from food minus lost energy in feces

122
Q

Metabolizable Energy

A

ME
DE minus energy lost in urine/gas
most common estimate of number of kcals provided from pet food

123
Q

Net Energy

A

NE
ME minus energy used when digesting, absorbing and using food

124
Q

Atwater factors used to estimate the energy content of the 3 macronutrients in commercial cat food

A

protein = 4Kcal/g
fat = 9Kcal/g
carbohydrate = 4Kcal/g

125
Q

Energy requirements of dogs/cats are usually expressed as what?

A

Kcal of ME
(kilocalorie of metabolizable energy)

126
Q

Energy density of a pet food refers to what?

A

the number of calories provided by the food in weight or volume

127
Q

Fructo-oligosaccharides

A

FOS - moderately fermented fiber that feed the good bacteria in intestines
produces short-chain-fatty-acids that feed epithelial cells “fertilizer”

128
Q

Manan-oligosaccharides

A

MOS - prebiotic protein that comes from cell walls of yeast
prevents bad bacteria from sticking to the intestinal wall “removing weeds”

129
Q

Sodium aluminosilicate

A

Zeolite - inert clay from volcanic ash
creates a physical protective layer in the intestines
acts like a sieve - allows nutrients to be absorbed by the intestinal tract while absorbing extra water/toxins “baking soda”

130
Q

Sodium tripolyphosphate

A

Ca chelator that prevents califcation plaque into tarter - acts like a magnet
also called Sodium Pyrophosphate/Sodium Hexametaphosphate “mouth wash”

Nutrition (6 decks)

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