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Essentials of Disease EOD > Essentials of Disease ALL > Flashcards

Essentials of Disease ALL Flashcards

1
Q

lesion

A

structural, functional or biochemical abnormality responsible for ill health

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

mechanism through which the aetiological causative agent produces pathological/ chemical manifestations

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3
Q

latent period

A

the time period between the aetiological agent and the manifestations/ pathogenesis of the disease

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4
Q

morbidity

A

sum of the effects on the patient of the disease

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5
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

malignant tumour of blood vessels

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6
Q

iatrogenic disease

A

disease caused by/ associated with the action/ conduct of a healthcare worker

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7
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population in a given interval

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8
Q

prevalence

A

the number of cases of a disease within a given population at a stated time

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9
Q

TNM tumour staging

A

T tumour size; N lymph Node degree of involvement; Metastases extent

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10
Q

trephine

A

Collecting a biopsy sample/ specimen

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11
Q

cytopathology

A

the diagnostic interpretation of cell morphology. NB in cancer screening and diagnosis. Part of anatomical pathology

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12
Q

histopathology

A

diagnostic interpretation of tissue samples NOT cells individually. Part of anatomical pathology

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13
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Can cause inflammatory reactions, can cause neoplasia, causes rapidly dividing cell populations

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14
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein

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15
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites that usually don’t cause any disease are enabled in an immune-suppressive condition like HIV .

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16
Q

Endotoxins

A

toxin, lipopolysaccharides excreted from Gram Neg bacteria. Can cause septic shock.

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17
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Toxins produced by fungi. Special importance in opportunistic infections. eg. Aflatoxin which is a carcinogen in hepatocellular carcinomas

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18
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Development during embryogenesis of limbs and organs from primitive cell masses

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19
Q

Phylogenic apoptosis

A

failure in removing a primitive structure in embryological development

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20
Q

Differentiation

A

the process by which a cell develops a specialized function

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21
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size without cell division

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22
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number by mitosis

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23
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in size of organ or cell. Adaptive response to a decrease requirement of the body for the function of the particular cell/organ. Physiological OR Pathophysiological.

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24
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of organ to develop to normal size/ shape. Decreased growth. Failure of development of organ. Failure in morphogenesis. eg. Failure in developing legs.

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25
Q

Metaplasia

A

Non-neoplastic and reversible condition transformation of one type of terminally differentiated cell type. Adaptive response to environmental stress. Abnormal change in nature of tissue

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26
Q

Agenesis / Aplasia

A

Complete absence of organ/ cells. Morphogenic fault

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27
Q

Atresia

A

Failure of development of a lumen in a normally tubular structure

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28
Q

Dysplasia

A

Failure of normal differentiation of an organ which often retains its primitive embryological structure.

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29
Q

Autophagy

A

When the cell tries recycling/ reusing itself because it cannot survive on its own

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30
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Combination of capillary loops and myofibrils.

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31
Q

Granuloma

A

Collection of epithelioid histocytes and is a form of inflammation characteristic of TB. Healing tissue. Multi-nucleated and large round structures.

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32
Q

Organization

A

Production of granulation tissue and removal of dead tissue by phagocytosis. Involved in repair / healing

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33
Q

Mucosal erosion VS Mucosal ulceration

A

Erosion => loss part of mucosal thickness

Ulceration => loss full mucosal thickness

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34
Q

Dimorphic

A

Exists as a yeast or as a mould depending on the temperature

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35
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular, divides by budding, growth in a few days, best temp 35 degrees

36
Q

Mould

A

Multicellular, forms hyphae, growth in days/weeks, variable temp 25C, fluffy colonies

37
Q

Unusual Bacteria types

A

Rickettsia/Chlamydia
Spirochaetes
Mycoplasma
Mycobacteria

38
Q

Biofilm matrix

A

Polysaccharides secreted into environment to protect colonies of bacteria. Hides bacteria from host’s immune response.

39
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Strengthens the bacteria cell wall

40
Q

Microbiome

A

Composite of all microbes, genes, metabolites living together in a particular niche

41
Q

Microbiota

A

All microbes in a particular community

42
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Disruption of composition and diversity of the microbiota

43
Q

Fomites

A

Inanimate objects which aid in the transmission of organisms

44
Q

Infection

A

The process by which pathogenic organisms become established and multiply in or on the body of the host resulting in disease

45
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a pathogen species to cause disease. Yes or No.

46
Q

Virulence

A

Relative CAPACITY to cause harm. Reflects the degree of pathogenicity.

47
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins produced by cells serving as molecular messengers between cells. Regulates body’s response to disease and infection

48
Q

Serotypes

A

Members of the same species with minor differences like antigen types eg. E. coli

49
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency Disease

A

Occurs when the immune system is compromised due to an environmental problem

50
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Compares the severity of disease caused by different organisms

51
Q

Virulence

A

Compares the severity of the disease caused by different strains of the same micro-organism

52
Q

Immune Response

A

Collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual, mediated by the immune system

53
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex a group of genes coding for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help immune system recognize foreign particles/organisms. Involved in antigen recognition by T-Cells. Binds to peptide fragments of pathogens and displays them on its surface for T-Cell recognition

54
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems

55
Q

Endemic

A

Certain disease is constantly present at a certain level without external input

56
Q

Epidemic

A

New cases of a certain disease in a community substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience

57
Q

Basic Reproductive Number R0

A

Average number of secondary infectious cases that are produced by a single index case in a completely susceptible population. Measures transmission potential of a disease

58
Q

Effective Reproductive Number Re

A

Average number of secondary cases per infectious case in a population made up of both susceptible and non-susceptible hosts. Vaccination reduces this number

59
Q

Herd Immunity

A

When vaccination of a portion of the population provides protection to unvaccinated individuals

60
Q

Epidemic Threshold

A

The critical number or density of susceptible hosts required for epidemic to occur. Used to confirm the emergence of an epidemic so as to set-up control measures

61
Q

CD4 T-Helper Cells

A

Main target of HIV. They’re involved in co-stimulation and regulation of the humoral and cellular immunity. A deficiency would lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS

62
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Inflammatory programmed cell death of cells with abortive HIV infection destroying large portions of CD4 cells

63
Q

Hepatitis

A

Presence of inflammatory cells in liver. Associated with Jaundice, tenderness, malaise

64
Q

Ischaemia

A

The decreased blood flow to that area of the tissue/ muscle. Reversible. Dependent on time period of ischaemia and metabolic requirement of cells

65
Q

Infarction

A

Necrosis of tissue as a result of no blood flow to that area. Irreversible. Causes gangrene and inflammatory response wedge white leaves scar.

66
Q

Shock

A

Circulatory failure leading to decreased perfusion.

67
Q

Embolism

A

Blockage in an artery / vein (vascular system) not necessarily clotting factors. Can be exogenous or not

68
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

69
Q

Adjuvants

A

Any substance that improves the immune system

70
Q

Epitope

A

Part of the antigen that binds to the antibody. Specific to a specific antibody

71
Q

Anergy

A

The absence of a normal immune response to an antigen or pathogen due to eg. CD-3 or CD-4 molecules being missing

72
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating the surface of an antigen with substances (ie. opsins) making phagocytosis easier.

73
Q

Immunological Intolerance

A

When self antigens are just not exposed to the immunological system. Eg. in the eye

74
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The development of new blood vessels

75
Q

Grade of a tumour

A

Goes on how differentiated the cells are. Well, moderate, poor, anaplastic

76
Q

Anaplasia

A

When cells of the tumour isn’t mimicking cells of origin at all. It is biologically aggressive.

77
Q

Malignant Cells

A

High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Not differentiated at all. Not encapsulated. Often has metastases. Abnormal mitosis.

78
Q

p53 Gene

A

Part of ‘tumour suppressor genes.’ Facilitates DNA repair and induces apoptosis/ arrests cell cycle of damaged cells

79
Q

Chvostek

A

Muscle twitch in the face due to hypocalcemia

80
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Enter circulation via lymphatics and transports cholesterol to the liver and peripheral tissues. Mostly triglycerides

81
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

NB for recognition by membrane receptors for incorporation into cell. Outer layer of lipoproteins that is soluble

82
Q

Pyrexia

A

An increase in the body’s temperature. Due to endogenous pyrogens produced by polymorphs and macrophages. Nausea and anorexia is part of the symptoms.

83
Q

Thrombosis

A

Coagulation in pathological setting leading to localized clotting and potentially vessel occlusion.

84
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Occurs naturally. Body clears away the clots that are no longer needed when the underlying tissue is healed. Does this with the enzyme plasmin.

85
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

The process which results in the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells caused by permanent genetic alterations

Essentials of Disease EOD (1 decks)

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