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Cells, Organisms & Systems > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are key molecular features that all organisms share

A
  • self-replication (DNA)
  • self-assembly (formation of structures)
  • autocatalysis (increase rate of reactions)
  • cell membrane (control entry & exit of substances in cell)
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2
Q

explain the evidence that all life has a common (living) origin

A
  • amino acids & nucleotides (DNA) are common to all
  • rRNA
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3
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Archea, Eukaryotes, bacteria (prokaryote)

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4
Q

What are characteristics of Archea

A
  • prokaryotic (single-cell)
  • extremophile (found in extreme envt)
  • have cell walls
  • circular DNA
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5
Q

What are characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • circular DNA
  • have cell walls
  • aesexual
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6
Q

What are characteristics of Eukaryotes

A
  • eukaryotic
  • linear DNA
  • they evolved via endosymbiosis
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
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7
Q

How are binomial scientific names written

A

genus and species are written in italic + genus is capitalised

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8
Q

What is the purpose of scientific names

A
  • helps show how closely related organisms are (evolutionary relationships)
  • helps identify and compare organisms based on shared characteristics
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9
Q

Describe the Linnean classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & species

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10
Q

Define the term clade

A

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor

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11
Q

What is a sister group

A

they are each other’s closest relatives

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12
Q

What does monophyletic mean

A

includes common ancestor and all of their descendents

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13
Q

What does paraphyletic mean

A

a group of animals which contains a common ancestor and some but not all the descendants

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14
Q

What is an outgroup

A

group of organisms that is evolutionary distant from the ingroup

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15
Q

What are homologous structures

A

similar structures/features in organisms that evolved from a common ancestor

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16
Q

What are analogous traits

A

characteristics/structures that serve the same function but do not share a common ancestor, due to independent evolutionary responses to a similar selective pressure (convergent evolution)

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17
Q

Why are fossils considered evidence for evolution

A

they preserve the remains or traces of organisms from the past and show a progression of evolution via body parts such as shells, bones and teeth

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18
Q

Why is the Cambrian period so important in evolution

A

The Cambrian period produced the most intense burst of evolution ever known & The Cambrian Explosion saw an incredible diversity of life emerge (ex: Nematoda, Arthropoda and Chordata)

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19
Q

What are the 3 main phylas that emerged in the Cambrian period

A

Nematoda, Arthropoda and Chordata

20
Q

What are key characteristics of Nematoda

A
  • elongated body
  • cylindrical
  • unsegmented, worm-like
  • bilaterally symmetrical and tapering at both ends
21
Q

What are key characteristics of arthropoda

A
  • have an exoskeleton
  • bi-lateral symmetry
  • jointed & specialized appendages
  • segmented bodies
22
Q

What are key characteristics of chordates

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • post-anal tail
23
Q

Animals that posses bilateral symmetry can be divided into 2 groups

A

protostomes and deuterostomes based on their patterns of embryonic development

24
Q

What is gastrulation

A

a process where cells differentiate to create 3 layers of tissue (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) and these layers differentiate into animal embryos & tissues and organs are formed from these layers

25
Q

Outline the ectoderm

A

It is the outermost layer of germ layer in embryonic development & it will form the nervous system (via neurulation) and outer surfaces such as skin and hair cells

26
Q

Outline the mesoderm

A
  • It is the middle layer
  • It will form the majority of the body organs, such as muscles, blood vessels, kidney
27
Q

Outline the endoderm

A
  • It is the innermost layerof germ layers
  • It will develop into inter structures like the digestive and respiratory tract
28
Q

What are homeotic genes

A

They are regulatory genes that control the development of body segments and body parts during embryonic development (ex: they determine the identity of particular structures of the body)

29
Q

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction

A
  • genetic variation
  • allowing species to adapt to changes in the envt under natural selection (quicker than mutation)
30
Q

What are the costs fo sexual reproduction

A
  • requires time & energy to find a mate, especially when resources are scarce
  • risk of reducing fitness (colourful birds)
31
Q

What are the difference between a male and a female

A
  • females have larger sized gametes (invest more in reproduction than males)
  • it increases the chances of male gametes meeting the female gamete
32
Q

How is sex determined in vertebrates

A

chromosomal or by the environment

33
Q

Outline the 3 different types of survivorship curves between species

A

Type I: shows a high survival rate earlier in life but it decreases when organisms get older (ex: humans)
Type II: survival rate is independent of age
Type III: shows low survival rate earlier in but it increases when organisms get older

34
Q

Outline the predator-prey relationship

A
  1. Predator eats prey
  2. More predators reproduce
  3. More predators hunt the prey –> less prey
  4. More competition btw predators –> less predator
  5. More prey
35
Q

What factors affect the predator-prey dynamic

A
  • food availability
  • chronic stress in predators
  • natural selection
36
Q

What are the 4 components of natural selection

A
  • variation
  • inheritance
  • competition
  • mutation
37
Q

What are the causes of variation

A
  • environmental factors
  • genetic factors
38
Q

What is sexual selection

A

It is the selection for traits that are solely concerned with increasing the mating success of an individual

39
Q

What is natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

40
Q

Why do Females Prefer certain Males

A
  • displays may carry information about the male’s characteristics (ex: being a good parent or free of diseases, capable of finding food)
41
Q

Why do characteristics that reduce fitness continue to evolve

A

The Handicap Principle: females prefer males with handicaps (mating characters that reduce survival chances) because handicaps are indicators of heritable viability

42
Q

What is assortative mating

A

the tendency for organisms to choose mates who are more similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance

43
Q

What are the causes of assortative mating

A
  • optimal outbreeding (maintaining genetic compatibility and heterozygosity)
  • individual behavioural compatibility
44
Q

What is co-operative breeding

A

when offspring receive care not only from their parents but also from additional group members often called helpers
- primary benefit is an increased reproductive rate and survival

45
Q

What is eusociality

A
  • Eusocial colonies typically consist of multiple generations living together
  • Individuals within a eusocial group often specialize in specific tasks or roles.
  • Cooperative care of the young, or brood, is a central aspect of eusociality.
  • Reproduction is typically monopolized by one or a few individuals within the colony, often referred to as the queen or king
46
Q

What is the difference between eusociality and co-operative breeding

A

Cooperative breeding often involves helpers that may still have reproductive potential, whereas eusociality is characterized by a highly specialized reproductive division with most individuals in the colony being sterile or having reduced reproductive capabilities

Cells, Organisms & Systems (5 decks)

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