Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

extinction

example

A

organism that no longer exists on earth

galapagos turtle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which organisms that better adapt themselves to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional reproduction of individuals in a pop that have desirable traits
opp to natural selection
removes variation in pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endangered species

A 
species at serious risk of becoming extinct
least concern (swift fox no immediate concern), near threaten (beluga whale in future ), vulnerable (giant anteater high risk soon), endangered (bengal tiger high risk NEAR future ), critically endangered (extreme high risk soon cross river gorilla), extinct in wild (hawaiian crow), extinct (west african black rhinoceros)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evolution

A

different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developped and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

survival of the fittest

A

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environnmnet have will most likely continue to reproduce and pass on their traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a kind of organism

evolution of a genetically related group of organisms as distinguished from the development of the individual organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

speciation

A

formation of new biological species by the development or branching of one species into 2 more genetically distinct ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

allopatric speciation

A

single species becomes GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATED, each group evolves new and distinctive traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sympatric speciation

A

2 individual pops diverge from an ancestral species w/o being separated geographically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

niche

A 
function or position of species w/in ecological communitu
honey bee gather nectar from flowers and makes honey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mutation

A

changing of structure of gene resulting in a different form of trait that can be passed down throu generations
helps pops change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

environmental factors causing mutaiton

A

radiation
chemicals
byproducts of cellular metabolism
UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

adaption

A

trait is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection
modify phenotypes that permit them to succeed in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

passive defence

A

defence due to the presence of structural component that is already present in the body
property of an animal that prevents an attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

2 or more harmful/inedible species look v similar 2 avoid potential predators
means of protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

batesian mimicry

A

protective resemblance in appearance of a harmless species to a dangerous species
by imitating harmful species, can avoid predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

camouflage

A

protective colouring or another feature that conceals an animal and enables it to blend into surroundings
increases chance of survival
tool for hunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

active defence

A

defence in motion

venom stinger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

competition

A

negative interaction btw organisms when 2 or more organisms share same limited resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

intraspecific comp

A

comp within 1 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

interspecific comp

A

comp btw diff species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

resource partitioning

A

niche is divided or rationed by a species to avoid competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disruptive selection

A

extreme traits valued, become more common

lead to creation of two new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favours the average individuals in pop
against extr phenotypes
decreased diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

directional selection

A

favours 1 extr pheno over the average or another extr

due to changes in weather climate food avail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where do carrots originate??

what colour were they?

A

asia

purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what makes orange carrots more popular?

A

beta carotene makes taste sweeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why are white clovers poisonous?

A

release hydrogen cyanide during cyanogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cyanide smells and tastes like ________

A

almonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ac gene codes for…..

A

inactive cyanide-sugar complex that is stored in the plant cell’s cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Li codes for

A

linamarase, present in cell wall of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When the _______ and Li come in contact, _______ is released which causes the ______ taste

A

enzyme
cyanide
bitter

34
Q

tiger sharks are moving ______ the food chain

A

down

35
Q

what concepts are impacting tiger sharks??

A 
niche
bycatching
shark finning
inter comp
selective advantage (food)
sibling eating
36
Q

how does survival of the fittest affect salmon???

A

die before getting to spawn ( hunger, bycatching, pollution, fish ladders, turbulent streams, food chain and competition)
Only about 2% make it to spawning

37
Q

why do ppl spread urine or fur over their gardens to get rid of bunnies?

A

makes bunnies think that one of their predators have claimed the space

38
Q

who was buffon???

A

French naturalist and a count
Studied anatomy and focused on making connections btw structures and their functions
Noted anatomical structural similarities btw certain species (humans and apes)

39
Q

what did buffon study/believe/learn etc??

A

Puzzled by structures that served no purpose (vestigial structures)
concluded some species must have originally been created in a more perfect form, but changed over time. (lost structures that once served a purpose)
suggested planet was actually much older.

40
Q

what is a vestigial feature???

human examples

A

body part that no longer has a use/function

wisdom teeth, ear muscles, appendix, extra arm tendon, tailbone

41
Q

who was cuvier?

A

French zoologist and naturalist, paleontologist
some layers had unique fossils that had no similar species in any other layer
some types of fossilized organisms seemed to disappear from the fossil record, while new types of organisms emerged.
fossils of simple organisms found in all layers, but more complex organisms are found only at shallower (more recent) rock layers.

42
Q

what did cuvier study/believe/learn etc??

A

some types of fossilized organisms seemed to disappear from the fossil record, while new types of organisms emerged.
fossils of simple organisms found in all layers, but more complex organisms are found only at shallower (more recent) rock layers.
Organisms have become more complex over time

43
Q

what is cuviers big word?
what does it mean?
is their proof this exists??

A

catastrophism
Earth experiences sudden, violent major catastrophic events that wipe out species in some areas. Then, these species are replaced by new ones.
catastrophic events seem to correspond to dates of fossil layers

44
Q

who did cuvier work with?

A

Mary Anning

45
Q

what was Annings big discovery?

A

Discovered first aquatic reptile, the plesiosaur

Added to the concept that really unique things exist in fossil records

46
Q

lyell believes in

A

gradualism

47
Q

explain gradualism

A

The Earth undergoes continuous changes.
Geological changes are slow and gradual, and these natural processes have not changed over time.
Everything all relies on each other
If one thing changes so does another

48
Q

who is lyell? who is he/ his ideas against?

A

geologist
cuvier
catastrophism vs gradualism

49
Q

Lamarck studied under

A

Buffon

50
Q

lamarck believes ……

A

organisms adapt to their environment by changing their traits to be more helpful, then pass these traits on.
a progression, changes of the same species
Unused toes would shrink over time, giraffes necks would grow over time

51
Q

what are lamarcks 2 principles

A
  1. use or disuse

2. inheritance of acquired characteristics

52
Q

explain use or disuse

A

Structures used by an organism become bigger, while those not used diminish and may disappear.

53
Q

explain inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

characteristics acquired during an individual organism’s lifetime can be passed on to its offspring
(NOT TRUE)

54
Q

who was Malthus? what were his views on evolution?

A

economist, prof of history and politics
“Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio.” (will keep growing)
a pop produces more ppl than it can sustain

55
Q

who was Wallace? what were his views on evolution?

A

Naturalist, explorer, biogeographer, anthropologist.

Formed idea of “natural selection” with Darwin on a boat

56
Q

who influenced Darwin??

A

Lyell, Malthus, and Wallace.

57
Q

who was darwin? what did he do??

A

naturalist + geologist
traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle survey ship for 5 years, studying plants and animals.
published book “On the Origin of Species” of his observations

58
Q

explain descent w modification?

whose idea is it???

A

natural selection results from a species’ ability to survive local conditions at a specific time DOES NOT necessarily mean progress. (just means change)
DARWIN

59
Q

what is the 1st of 4 of the principles to Darwin’s theory of N.S.??? who inspired it??

A

organisms produce more offspring than can sustain, compete for limited # of resources
MALTHUS

60
Q

what is the 2nd of 4 of the principles to Darwin’s theory of N.S.???

A

Individuals of a population vary extensively, and much of this variation is heritable.

61
Q

what is the 3rd of 4 of the principles to Darwin’s theory of N.S. ???

A

Individuals that are better suited to local conditions survive to produce more offspring (which would have their traits etc.)

62
Q

what is the 4th of 4 of the principles to Darwin’s theory of N.S.??? who inspired it??

A

Processes for change are slow and gradual

LYELL

63
Q

who coined the term survival of the fittest?

A

SPENCER

64
Q

explain genetic drift

A

changes in allele frequency in a population, that brings about a reduction in genetic diversity
due to drift becomes a new species as it is v different from others

65
Q

who is Mayr? what did he do??

A

ornithologist (BIRDS), taxonomist, explorer and evol. biologist
Species are not just morphologically similar, but are able to successfully breed amongst themselves and not others

66
Q

what lane are GOULD and ELDREDGE in????

who were they influenced by?

A

THE FAST LANE

Mayr

67
Q

who are GOULD and ELDREDGE? what did they do??

A

AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGIST AND EVOL. BIOLOGISTS

RAPID EVOLUTION OFTEN OCCURS IN SMALL, ISOLATED POPULATIONS OR WHEN MIGRATION OCCURS

68
Q

what term did GOULD and ELDREDGE create/coin?

what does it mean?

A

punctuated equilibrium
Evolution occurs as relatively rapid bursts of significant change that interrupt long periods of stasis/no change (CHANGE OR DIE)
Species result from these sudden changes, and additional changes to the species may be slow, after the initial burst.

69
Q

what is the founder effect???

A

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This small population size means that the colony may have:
reduced genetic variation from the original population.
a non-random sample of the genes in the original population.

70
Q

what is the bottleneck effect???

A

Bottleneck Effect:
This occurs when a population’s size decreases for at least one generation which can result in low genetic variation
Can than return to it’s regular population size

71
Q

As a result of low ________ _________, the species may not be capable of adapting to new ____________ such as climate change or shift in resources

A

genetic variation

environment

72
Q

co-evolution

A

two or more species that reciprocally affect each other’s evolution

73
Q

explain the evolutionary arm’s race

A

competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other
develop new traits in order to not get caught/eaten by predators and in the same time the predators develop new traits that would help them hunt better.

74
Q

biotechnology

A

processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet by the use of other living systems and organisms

combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones

75
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth; the bacteria are “resistant”

76
Q

what makes bacteria become resistant?

A

antibiotic is used, bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have greater chance of survival

Susceptible bacteria are killed or inhibited by an antibiotic, resulting in a survival of resistant of bacteria

w/o human action: bacteria produce and use antibiotics against other bacteria, leading to a low-level of natural selection for resistance to antibiotics

77
Q

what is a structural adaptation??

A

affects a certain part or specific feature of organisms body

ex. opposable thumbs, rattle on snakes

78
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation??

A

affect the way an organism acts

ex. hunting strategies, migration, hibernation

79
Q

what is a physiological adaptation??

A

permit organism to perform special functions

ex. producing slime or poisonous venom

80
Q

selective advantage

A

genetic advantage of 1 organism over its competitors that causes it to be favoured in survival and reproductive rates over time

Bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions