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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Gradual change in characteristics of organisms over time

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2
Q

By which process does evolution occur?

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

What is meant by the binomial name?

A

Scientific species name made of genus and species.

E.g Homo sapiens

Genus capital = homo
Species = sapiens

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4
Q

What does fossil evidence suggest about the relationship between humans and chimpanzees?

A

Evolved from a common ancestor about 6 million years ago

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5
Q

What are hominids?

A

Humans and their ancestors; belonging to the hominidae family

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6
Q

According to fossil evidence, what have been the main changes from Ardi to modern humans?

A

More upright posture, shorter arms, flatter feet, bigger skull and bigger brains.

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7
Q

When did ardipithecus ramidus live?

A

4.4 mya

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8
Q

When did Australopithecus afarensis live? (Lucy)

A

3.2 mya

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9
Q

When did homo erectes (Turkana boy) live?

A

1.6mya

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10
Q

When did homo habilis (handy man) live?

A

2.1mya

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11
Q

Describe features of ardipithecus ramidus (ardi)

A

Ape-like grasping big toe
Long arms and short legs
Small brain

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12
Q

Describe the features of Australopithecus afarensis (lucy)

A

No ape- like grasping big toe, arched feet, long arms and short legs, small brain

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13
Q

Describe features of homo erectus (Turkana boy)

A

Flatter feet
Short arms
Long legs
Larger brain

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14
Q

Which early human ancestor was the first to have used tools?

A

Homo habilis

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15
Q

What evidence is there that homo habilis used tools?

A

Fossils found with early tools such as pebble chips

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16
Q

When did Homo sapiens first appear

A

200,000 years ago

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17
Q

Compare the earliest stone tool with the latest in human evolution

A

Simple chipped pebbles to scrape meat from bones to purposeful complex shapes formed into arrows and spears attached to wooden handles

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18
Q

Link the evolution of humans with tool use

A

Larger brains required to develop more complex tools, which would lead to healthier + larger brains

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19
Q

What do we mean by the term selection pressure?

A

Something in the environment that affects an organisms chances of survival. E.g disease, predators, competition for food

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20
Q

What is an adaptation

A

Feature that means an organism has more chance of surviving in a certain environment

Eg.
Fox had large ears to lose heat in the desert

21
Q

What might advantageous alleles allow an organism to do?

A

Survived to reproduce then pass those alleles to the next generation

22
Q

Why are some bacteria resistant to being killed by antibiotics

A

Random mutations in their DNA, since they divide quickly, these mutations quickly become common

23
Q

How does antibiotic resistance provide evidence for evolution?

A
  • Mutated bacteria better adapted to antibiotics
  • survive to pass onto next generation
  • making resistance more common over time
24
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Put into groups according to observable characteristics, cell features, and DNA similarities

25
Q

Ñame 3 domains

A

Archea
Bacteria
Eukarya

26
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungí 
Prokaryotes 
Protists
27
Q

What are the subdivision of each kingdom?

A

KPCOFGS

Kingdom phylum class order family genus species

28
Q

What led us to using the 3 domain system of classification?

A

Developments in DNA sequencing technology led to finding differences in the RNA of the prokaryotes and split them into archea and bacteria

29
Q

What do all prokaryotes have in common?

A

Single celled organisms

No nucleus

30
Q

What do all protists have in common?

A

Single celled organisms

Have a nucleus

31
Q

Which technology led to the development of the 5 kingdoms system of classification?

A

The microscope

32
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Humans choose to breed together individuals that have the most desirable features to get the peng offspring

33
Q

Give some examples of desirable features in selective breeding

A

Pigs making more meat/cows more milk; disease resistant crops; dogs with a good temperament

34
Q

What is the main problem with selective breeding?

A

Reduced the gene pool/ less variation

35
Q

Explain a problem with selective breeding in animals.

A

Causes genetic defects from combining recessive alleles. Leads to health issues

36
Q

Explain a problem with selective breeding in crops

A

Wipe out a whole crop as there would be little variation little change of a resistant allele

37
Q

What is a genetically modified organism

A

Has had its genome changed to introduce desirable characteristics

38
Q

What do all eukarya have in common?

A

A nucleus

39
Q

Which technology led to the development of the 5 kingdoms system of clsssification

A

The microscope

40
Q

In genetic engineering, which enzyme is used to joint Two pieces of DNA?

A

Ligase enzyme

41
Q

Which enzyme is used to cut specific sequences of DNA?

A

Restriction enzyme

42
Q

When a section of DNA is cut, what do we call exposed bases?

A

Sticky ends

43
Q

What do we call DNA that has a new piece of DNA inserted into it?

A

Recombinant DNA

44
Q

In genetic engineering, what is a vector

A

Something that transfers DNA into a cell. Usually a plasmid or a virus

45
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Circular piece of DNA found in bacteria

46
Q

Give an example of how genetic engineering is used in agriculture.

A

Making GM crops resistant to herbicides spray the entire field and kill only weeds

47
Q

Suggest a concern about using GM technology in animals

A

Long term affects on the health and survival

48
Q

Concern about using GM technology in agriculture

A

Long term affects on humans health. If the crop is eaten possibility of genetic pollution transferring new genes to weeds and creating super weeds.

Biology (1 decks)

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