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Evolbio ni Ma'am A > Evolutionary Biology > Flashcards

Evolutionary Biology Flashcards

1
Q

coined the term evolution

A

Herbert Spencer

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2
Q

e means

A

out

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3
Q

volvere means

A

to roll or unfold

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4
Q

change through time
represent any change in physical or biological world

A

Evolution

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5
Q

process of gradual changes in organisms to form more and more complex forms

A

Evolutionary biology

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6
Q

Descent with modification

A

Darwin

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7
Q

Study of history evolution of newer and more complex forms

A

Theodor Dobzhansky

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8
Q

introduces by Ernst Mayr (1970)
organic evolution or biological evolution
all life on earth shares a common ancestors

A

Bioevolution or evolutionary biology

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9
Q

illustrates change with inheritance over a small number of years

A

Genealogy

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10
Q

process continuity of life with constant modifications

A

Biological evolution or organic evolution

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11
Q

change in response to the changing environmental conditions

A

Adaptation or adaptability

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12
Q

formation of several new species from one ancestral species

A

Divergent evolution

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13
Q

organisms from distantly related groups develop common features

A

Convergent evolution

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14
Q

different species of organisms tend to merge through a series of intermediate stages or grades

A

Intergradation

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15
Q

Theory of aquatic or marine origin of life

A

Thales

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16
Q

earliest evolutionist by Osborn (1894)
living beings have arisen from a primordial fluid or slime
mud dried

A

Anaximander

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17
Q

fossils are remains of organisms that lived in the past

A

Xenophanes

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18
Q

father of evolutionary idea
spontaneous generation
evolutions of animals was series of attempts by nature to produce more perfect forms

A

Empedocles

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19
Q

the greatest investigator
living things were animated by a vital force or guiding intelligence

A

Aristotle

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20
Q

sequence of increasing complrxity

A

ladder of life

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21
Q

external mystical source

A

external teleology

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22
Q

develops from the process itself

A

internal teleology

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23
Q

plants appeared before animals and humans appeared last of all

A

Epicurus and Soretium

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24
Q

reviewed the aristotelian idea
variations as being the cause for the origin of new species from the old ones

A

Francis Bacon

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25
Q

dutch scientist
preformation theory

A

Jan Swammerdam

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26
Q

Ova or sperm cells contain a miniature of adult called homunculus

A

Preformation theory

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27
Q

discarded preformation theory
studied chick embryo
division of one cell

A

Caspar Friedrich Wolff

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28
Q

an embryo develops by the gradual differentiation of undifferentiated simple tissues into organs

A

Wolff’s Theory of Epigenesis

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29
Q

nature and formation of fossils
terrestrial forms have evolved from the marine forms which were trapped in marshes
birds from flying fish, men and women from merman and mermaid

A

Benoit de Maillet

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30
Q

first propose a general theory of evolution
transmitted through maternal and paternal sides of the family
acquired characteristics
natural selection and isolation of speciation

A

Pierre Louis Maupertuis

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31
Q

Emboitement Theory or Encasement Theory
initial member of a species encapsulates within it then preformed germs of all future generations

A

Charles Bonnet

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32
Q

Father of Taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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33
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics and direct effect of the environment on the structural modifications of organisms

A

Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon

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34
Q

volcanic activities bring magma up from Earth’s molten interior

A

James Hutton

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35
Q

Grandfather of Charles Robert Darwin
inheritance of acquired characters
theory elaborated by Lamarck in the year 1809

A

Erasmus Darwin

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36
Q

lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characters- influence of environment on living beings

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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37
Q

modern supporter of Lamarckism

A

Lysenko

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38
Q

explain differences in the past and present forms of life and sharp discontinuities in the fossil records

A

Theory of Catastrophism

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39
Q

chief advocates of the theory of catastrophism

A

Geroge Cuvier and Orbigne

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40
Q

Father of Paleontology and comparative anatomy

A

Cuvier

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41
Q

life has ever been in existence in the form as its exists today and will continue to be so forever

A

Theory of Eternity of Life

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42
Q

Slowly acting geological forces result in the formation of fossil bearing rock strata

A

Theory of Uniformitarianism

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43
Q

each and every cell produces minute primordia called gemmules or pangene

A

Theory of Pangenesis

44
Q

there is always a contest among men/males

A

Theory of sexual selection

45
Q

producing new varieties
new races could be developed

A

Artificial selection

46
Q

proposed that the cytoplasm of the
the animal body is differentiated into somatoplasm and germplasm.

A

August Weismann (1892)

47
Q

present in the germ cells only and which is passed on to the offspring

A

Germplasm

48
Q

the protoplasm forming remainder of the body
that plays no role in heredity.

A

Somatoplasm

49
Q

Situated in the germplasm are minute complex structures known as

A

Determinants

50
Q

The characteristics of the organisms are represented in the determinants in the form of
minute physiological units

A

Determiners

51
Q

suggested that variations
which are important for evolution are sudden and large, which he called mutations or saltations

A

Hugo de Vries

52
Q

proposed that ‘Ontogeny recapitulates
phylogeny’, wherein the development of the organism’s embryo and young repeats or traces the evolutionary history of the race, condensing some stages and eliminating the others.

A

Ernst Haeckel

53
Q

theory suggesting that successive members of an evolutionary series become increasingly modified in a single undeviating direction, guided by some undefined or inherent mystical force

A

Theory of Orthogenesis

54
Q

believed in the presence of some mystical principle of progressive development in the living organisms which brings about the
particular specialization. The theory is merely mythical and has no scientific
basis

A

Karl Von Naegeli

55
Q

believed that lines of evolution are determined by laws of organic growth, aided by inheritance of acquired characters , and proceed in
specific direction

A

Theodor Eimar

56
Q

Also known as the Migration Theory, it emphasized the role of isolation in evolution and was first proposed by Moritz Wagner.

A

Isolation Theory

57
Q

Modern evolutionary theory has its foundation in the Evolutionary Synthesis or Modern Synthesis that is formulated on the
basis of contributions from Genetics, Systematics and Palaeontology.
It was named

A

Neo-Darwinian Theory

58
Q

Five basic processes of synthetic theory

A
  1. Gene mutations
  2. Changes in chromosome number
  3. Genetic recombination
  4. Natural selection
  5. Reproductive isolation
59
Q

Three accessory processes that contribute to the evolutionary phenomenon

A
  1. Migration
  2. Hybridization
  3. Chance in small populations
60
Q

includes changes in the frequency of genes in a population from one generation to the next.
It includes changes within a single population.

A

Small-scale Evolution

61
Q

includes the descent of
different species from a common ancestor over many generations. It operates above species level and leads to the evolution of lineages.

A

Large-scale Evolution

62
Q

Major Unsolved Problems of Evolution

A

Origin of Life
Origin of Sex
Origin of Phyla
Cause of Mass Extinction

63
Q

reveals that the structure of body organs may
be similar or different depending on their function. Presence of basic
structural and functional similarities in the organ systems of organisms
indicates their common ancestry.

A

Comparative study of morphology and anatomy

64
Q

are different in appearance and
perform different functions but are built on the same basic pattern and have a common origin (same source).

A

Homologous Organs

65
Q

Levels of homology in species

A
  1. Genetic homology
  2. Developmental homology
  3. Structural homology
66
Q

is the most fundamental. It exists in:
▫ Similarity in the DNA sequences found in different species
▫ Existence of universal genetic code, the same 64 codons specify
the same amino acids from bacteria to man
▫ Similarity in the structure of plasma membrane
▫ Similarity in the mechanism of transcription and translation via
same RNA polymerase
▫ Use of ATP as energy currency
▫ Similarity in the mechanism of DNA replication via DNA
polymerase

A

Genetic homology

67
Q

is seen in the overall process of
development, form of the embryos of different groups and fate of particular embryonic tissues or organs.

A

Developmental Homology

68
Q

are similarities in adult morphology in
organisms of different groups and are the results of homologous genes

A

Structural homologies

69
Q

Other examples of Homology

A

Homology in Insect Mouthparts
Homology in Insect legs
Homology in Plant parts

70
Q

is similarity among animals or among plants of different species. Ex: homology in the hand of man and forelimbs of horse and bat)

A

Phylogenetic homology

71
Q

is parallelism in the male and female reproductive organs of the same
species.

A

Sexual homology

72
Q

has been observed among invertebrates . All arthropods have segmented body with an exoskeleton of chitin. The exoskeleton is constructed on the same basic pattern in all the classes of Phylum Arthropoda. In crustaceans, all the segments of body carry paired jointed appendages. All of them are constructed on a
common structural plan, consisting of a basal two-segmented portion, the protopodite
(coxa and basis) which bears two lateral outgrowths , the exopodite and endopodite. The appendages of various body segments perform different functions and accordingly
exhibit modifications in the basic structural plan.

A

Serial homology

73
Q

is similarity in the biomolecules, such as DNA, the genetic material found from viruses to man

A

Molecular homology

74
Q

have almost similar appearance and perform the same function but they develop
independently in totally different groups through parallel evolution and are not inherited from a common ancestor

A

Analogous or Homoplasious organs

75
Q
  • have the same basic structural plan.
  • are found in closely related organisms which arise from some common
    ancestor.
  • differ in appearance.
  • are modified to carry out different functions.
  • have different internal structure.
  • lead to adaptive divergence or divergent evolution.
A

Homologous organs

76
Q
  • have totally different structural plans.
  • are found in totally unrelated organisms.
  • have similar appearance.
  • develop to carry out the same function.
  • have similar internal structure.
  • lead to convergent evolution or adaptive convergence.
A

Analogous Organs

77
Q

Study of evolution of different plant and animal groups reveals the phenomenon of adaptive divergence and adaptive convergence influenced by environmental or habitat differences or similarities

A

Adaptive Divergence and Adaptive Convergence

78
Q

-Organisms of the same or closely
related groups when occupy different habitats, they assume different appearances and their
homologous structures exhibit great divergence in the form and function.
- leads to adaptive radiation. It is evolution in several specialized directions from
a common generalized ancestral form .

A

Adaptive Divergence

79
Q

Organisms of distantly related
or totally unrelated groups are found to develop similar adaptations, while living in the same or similar habitat. Their analogous structures, though apparently similar are constructed on different basic plans

A

Adaptive convergence

80
Q

observance trait or characteristics

A

Phenotype

81
Q

any genetic code “like library”

A

Gene

82
Q

collection of genes

A

Genome

83
Q

graphical summary of a phylogeny
relatedness of organisms

A

Phylogenetic tree

84
Q

one region of genes

A

locus

85
Q

changes imposed on organisms

A

Evolution

86
Q

microorganisms resistance to certain antibiotics

A

Antibiotic resistance

87
Q

due to the separation of parental species

A

Speciation

88
Q

separated and obtained adaptation

A

Divergent evolution

89
Q

related with one ancestor

A

Common descent

90
Q

assumption whether it is true or not

A

Hypothesis

91
Q

first cell ever generated

A

protocells

92
Q

any attribute of an organism that can provide insights into history

A

Character

93
Q

most common ancestral character state (ALL)

A

Plesiomorphy

94
Q

Different than ancestral state or derived state

A

Apomorphy

95
Q

derived character that is shared by two or more taxa

A

Synapomorphy

96
Q

uniquely derived character state

A

Autapomorphy

97
Q

organism acquired characteristics independently

A

Homoplasy

98
Q

all f the same descendants of a common ancestor

A

Monophyletic

99
Q

some, but not all descendants

A

Paraphyletic

100
Q

basis of homoplasious, not closely related

A

Polyphyletic

101
Q

shared character between two DNA sequences or taxa

A

Homologous

102
Q

shared character evolved differently

A

Homoplasy

103
Q

Independent evolution of same feature from same ancestral condition

A

Parallel evolution

104
Q

independent evolution of same feature from different ancestral condition

A

Convergent

105
Q

reversion to ancestral condition

A

Secondary toss

Evolbio ni Ma'am A (2 decks)

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