EX1; Sensory Physiology

Question 1

Unique experience associated with a particular modality beings where

Answer 1

at a receptor

Question 2

Initial interaction of stimulus with receptor is this; transformation of physical energy into neural signal

Answer 2

transduction

Question 3

The type of energy that a given receptor type is most sensitive to is called what

Answer 3

adequate stimulus

Question 4

Sensory specificity is due to what

Answer 4

limited sensitive range of a receptor

Question 5

This law states that central connections determine modality like; stimulation of optic nerve bypassing receptors - light, stimulation of auditory nerve bypassing receptor - sound

Answer 5

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Question 6

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors

Answer 6

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors

Question 7

Somatosensory uses what types of sensory receptors

Answer 7

mechano
thermo
chemo
noci

Question 8

Olfaction and taste uses what type of sensory receptor

Answer 8

chemo

Question 9

Vision uses what type of sensory receptor

Answer 9

photo

Question 10

Audition and balance uses what type of sensory receptor

Answer 10

mechano

Question 11

A physical (direct) interaction of stimulus with membrane protein opens up what

Answer 11

ion channels; somatosensory, vestibular, auditory, taste

Question 12

A molecular interaction of stimulus with a membrane proteins involves what

Answer 12

G-protein; vision, taste, olfaction

Question 13

What are the three steps of direct transduction in the taste system

Answer 13

1. Na enters through epithelial Na channels
2. action potentials lead to Ca entry
3. release of ATP as neurotransmitter

Question 14

What are the three steps of molecular G-protein couples transduction for “sweet” stimuli

Answer 14

1. sugars bind to receptor coupled G-protien
2. release of intracellular Ca activates TRPm5 channel (transient receptor potential)
3. depolarization leads to action potentials and release of neurotransmitter ATP

Question 15

This is a family of ion channels first found in Drosophila comprised of 6 transmembrane domains with a channel between the 5th and 6th

Answer 15

transient receptor potentials channels (TRP)

Question 16

Which ion do TRP channels pass with a large variety of activating mechanisms

Answer 16

Ca

Question 17

What 7 things can open different TRP channels

Answer 17

intracellular Ca
temperature
chemicals
sounds
light
pH and osmolarity
mechanical

Question 18

The increase of these three things codes for intensity

Answer 18

increase in stimulus intensity
increase in receptor potential
increase in # of action potentials

Question 19

The relationship between stimulus intensity and neural and perceptual responses is sometimes what

Answer 19

linear

Question 20

This is not a precise value (statistical concept)

Answer 20

threshold

Question 21

What is the function of sensitivity of receptors

Answer 21

require a stimulus level that produces an action potential

Question 22

Threshold is not only a function of the stimulus, it can also be affected by what

Answer 22

psychological, neurological, or pharmacological factors

can be useful diagnostic tool

Question 23

This is what a receptor (or neuron) is sensitive to

Answer 23

receptive field; smaller would be more finer and spatially limited

Question 24

True or False

There is across neuron coding for olfactory quality

Answer 24

True; comparing activity across olfactory fibers provides a more or less infinite number of patterns

Question 25

What two types of duration does a sensory stimulus undergo

Answer 25

rapidly adapting

slowing adapting

Question 26

This also plays a role in the location of the sensory stimulus

Answer 26

lateral inhibition

Question 27

This type of inhibition is where a hyperpolarized axon terminal leads to less Ca entry and less neurotransmitter release

Answer 27

presynaptic inhibition

Question 28

This type of inhibition is where EPSPs and IPSPs interact; spatial and temporal summation

Answer 28

postsynaptic inhibition

Question 29

What are the 5 steps of the auditory pathway

Answer 29

1. hair cells (receptor cells) in cochlea
2. innervation by VIII nerve
3. VIII nerve synapses with cochlea nuclei
4. ascending sensoy pathway to cortex
5. efferent pathway from superior olivary nuclei

Question 30

This has the descending pathway to auditory receptor cell

Answer 30

superior olivary nuclei

Question 31

Efferents from the superior olive synapse on what and functions to what

Answer 31

hair receptor cells

functions to “set gain” of receptor neuron

Question 32

The efferent synapse from the superior olive is on what

Answer 32

inhibitory nicotinic receptor; Caa activated K channel leads to hyperpolarization

Question 33

The somatotopic map (homunculus) involves what

Answer 33

body representation

Question 34

The tonotopic map involves what

Answer 34

auditory pitch representation

Question 35

The retinotopic map involves what

Answer 35

visual field representation

Question 36

The peripheral receptor density (in homunculus) is represented centrally by what

Answer 36

spatial extent

Question 37

What are the two sensory maps that are dynamic (plasticity)

Answer 37

experience

neurological injury

Question 38

There is evidence to support increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in which type of people

Answer 38

string players

Question 39

What things are involved with the dynamic sensory map of experience

Answer 39

synaptic efficacy; long tern potentiation
new synapses
loss of inhibition

Question 40

What thing is involved with the dynamic sensory map of neurological experience

Answer 40

collateral sprouting