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PHARM 5114 A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Physiology

A

How the normal body functions
How the body accomplishes tasks essential for life

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2
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

How physiological processes are altered in disease
Drugs are altered in disease states

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structures of the body

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4
Q

Structural organization of the human body from smallest to largest

A

Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining
Tissue level: layers of the tissue in the stomach wall
Organ Level: the stomach
Body system: digestive tract
Organism Level: the whole human body

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5
Q

Chemical Level described

A

Atoms: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: atoms combine to form molecules with special characteristics

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6
Q

What are the four primary atoms

A

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen

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7
Q

What are the five primary compounds

A

water
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

the living structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes

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9
Q

What are the parts of the cellular level

A

organelles, which are made of compounds/molecules

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10
Q

What are organelles

A

they are surrounded by a membrane
they carry out specific functions for the cell and are found throughout the cytoplasm
Examples: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, lysosome, etc.

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11
Q

Types of cell functions

A

Basic: essential for the survival of each cell and it is similar for all cells
Specialized: essential for the survival of the human body

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12
Q

What are the basic cell functions

A

Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Metabolism: use nutrients and oxygen in chemical reactions to make ATP + synthesize proteins and other compounds for cellular growth, which is important for the repair of the plasma membrane
Eliminate cellular waste (ex: CO2)
Sensitive and responsive to changes in the environment
Control exchange of materials between the environment and the cell
Reproduction: important for epithelial cells

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13
Q

What are specialized functions

A

Cell differentiation

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14
Q

Primary cell types/tissue types

A

Epithelial
Nerve
Muscle
Connective

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15
Q

What are the two epithelial tissue types

A

sheets
glands

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16
Q

What are epithelial sheets

A

cover and line parts of the body, which include the cavities of hollow organs (ex: stomach lining)
act as a barrier between the external environment and the internal environment of the body or selective transfer of materials

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17
Q

Classification of epithelial sheets

A

Number of layers and the shape of cells in one layer
Shapes of cells
1. Squamous: flattened
2. Cuboidal: as wide as they are tall
3. Columnar: taller than they are wide
Layers:
1. Simple: one cell thick
2. Stratified: numerous layers of cells

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18
Q

Examples of epithelial sheets

A

Examples for a range of function
epidermis of the skin (stratified squamous): numerous layers containing keratin
lining of the GI tract (simple columnar): secretion and absorption of nutrients

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19
Q

What is keratin

A

Water resistant that allows for water retention and a barrier to infection/harmful microbes

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20
Q

Describe the intestinal epithelial cells

A
  1. constant loss and renewal
  2. have tight junctions
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21
Q

What are the purpose of tight junctions

A

prevent transfer of harmful microorganisms and toxins from the gut lumen into circulation
transport mechanism for absorption

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

one or more layers or epithelial cells
connective tissue layer (include blood vessels and nerves)

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23
Q

Examples of mucosa

A

Lines the body cavities
digestive, urogenital and respiratory tracts, lips, mouth, nasal passages, eustachian tubes

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24
Q

Functions of mucous (adjective) secretions (mucous=noun)

A

mucin, water, inorganic salts, dead cells all lubricate and protect the tissue
act as a physical barrier preventing penetration by microbes

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25
Q

Serous membrane (serosa)

A

epithelial tissues attached to connective tissue and lines the internal body cavities
forms a two layered membrane, cavity between
cells secrete a lubricating fluid into the cavity
the fluid reduces friction

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26
Q

Examples of serous membranes

A

Peritoneum: abdominal organs
Pericardium: heart
Pleura: lungs

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27
Q

Epithelial Glands

A

a type of epithelial tissue
specialized to produce secretions
they synthesize specific productions that are released in response to a specific stimulus

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28
Q

two types of epithelial glands

A

exocrine: secretions that flow through the ducts
endocrine: secretions that are emptied into blood vessels

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29
Q

How do glands form

A

invagination, forms pocket of epithelial cells

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30
Q

Exocrine glands

A
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31
Q

Endocrine glands

A
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32
Q

Muscle tissue

A

cells specialized for contraction and force generation

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33
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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34
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated cells run the length of the muscle
voluntary: conscious control mostly
attached to bones by tendons
EXCEPTIONS: tongue, superior portion of the esophagus, anal sphincter, diaphragm

35
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

short, branched, striated
arranged so all cells in the chamber contract as a whole
contain intercalated discs: connective tissue that couple with myocardial cells together including mechanically and electrically
have gap junctions: ion channels are located here where action potentials pass through

36
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

A

no striations, which means that there is no actin or myosin
found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, ducts of reproductive and urinary systems

37
Q

Characteristics of Nerve Tissue

A

Neurons: nerve cells
specialized for the initiation and transmission of electrical impulses

38
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

also known as glial cells
functional and structural support for the neurons
helps aid in taking excess ions like potassium away
help neurons find its place during development
maintain synaptic connection

39
Q

Neurons

A

Parts: cell body and dendrites (receptive areas), axon (specialized for conducting nerve impulses)
control the activity of other cells
-initiation of impulses in other nerve cells, secretion by gland cells, contraction of a muscle cell

40
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Connects, anchors, supports, insulates, protects the structures of the body
Few cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts) and a large amount of extracellular material (fibers and ground substance)

41
Q

Extracellular Material

A

fibers and ground substance
Cells -> fiber material (Proteins)
Collagen protein -> collagen (tough strength)
Elastin proteins -> elastin (stretches and recoils)
Cells -> ground substance (complex sugars, protein and crystalized minerals)

42
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Gel-Like matrix: mucous membranes, organs, capillaries, adipose tissue under the skin and around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen and breasts, lymphoid organs like the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
Dense connective tissue: tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin, submucosa of the GI tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints, walls of the aorta parts of the trachea and bronchi, vocal chords, and connective vertebrae
Cartilage: nose, trachea, larynx, ribs, external ear, epiglottis, intervertebral discs, discs of the knee joint
Bone: calcified matrix

Blood: red and white cells in the fluid matrix

43
Q

Description of Organs

A

composed of two or more tissues (usually all 4 types of tissue) organized to perform a function
EX:
1. stomach: mechanical and secretion functions: mixes food with gastric secretions to form thick liquid (chyme)
2. Heart: muscle cells contract to pump blood and generate a blood pressure that drives blood through the circulatory system
3. skin

44
Q

The Skin

A

Sensory receptors
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

45
Q

Characteristics of the Epidermis

A

waterproof barrier and provides skin tone: protections
consists of mainly dead cells that are constantly replaced
outermost layer

46
Q

Characteristics of the Dermis

A

tough, connective tissue, contains hair follicles and sweat glands

47
Q

Characteristics of the Hypodermis

A

innermost layer
contains fat and connective tissue

48
Q

Roles of the skin

A
  1. protection
  2. prevent excess water and nutrient loss
49
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintaining balance throughout the body, involved the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

50
Q

Characteristics of Homeostasis

A

Maintain of the internal environment (extracellular fluid: ECF) within narrow limits
Variables are maintained within a normal range around a set point

51
Q

Examples of variables that are maintained regarding homeostasis

A

nutrients: energy production for cell activities
Concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood
Concentration of waste products (urea)
pH: affects nerve impulses and enzyme activity
Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Blood glucose

52
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

inside the cells
67% of the total body water

53
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Aqueous internal environment for cells (33% of total body water)
Components:
plasma
interstitial fluid

54
Q

What is the composition of ECF

A

it is maintained by organ systems
maintain composition of plasma
free exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid (except proteins and blood cells)
concentration of dissolved substances similar in both ECF compartments
Differ: amounts of protein and blood cells

55
Q

What is the significance of homeostasis

A

it is essential for survival of cells, which make up body systems, which maintain variables including the ECF

56
Q

Types of Control Systems

A

Intrinsic: within an organ
Extrinsic: nervous system and endocrine system

57
Q

Closed Feedback Systems

A

Negative: effective organ responses bring variable back to normal and shuts off the original stimulus (when the variable is out of its normal range)
Positive: effector output is in the same direction (ex: blood clotting and enhancement of labor contractions during birth)

58
Q

Components of a Negative Feedback Control System

A

Objective: maintain homeostasis: constancy of the ECF
Sensors: changes in the body stimulate sensors or sensory receptors, which send information to the integrating center and respond to the variable
Integrating center: brain and spinal cord: they interpret incoming information (from one or more places) and knows the range and set point), which initiates responses
Effectors: muscles or glands: integrating center may increase or decrease effector activity to correct deviation and defend homeostasis

59
Q

Regulation of Blood Glucose

A
60
Q

The cell

A

the smallest structural and functional unit that carries out life processes

61
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

encloses the cell and separates fluids
->intracellular fluid: in the cell
->extracellular fluid: outside of the cell
controls the movement of molecular between the ICF and the ECF

62
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the genetic material
replicated for cell division

63
Q

Cytoplasm

A

where cell organelles are found
cell organelles carry out a particular cellular functioni
contains the cytosol: semiliquid mass

64
Q

Where are cell organelles enclosed

A

they are enclosed in the membrane
exceptions: ribosomes, nucleolus, and cytoskeleton

65
Q

The nucleus

A

enclosed in a double membrane with nuclear pores, which allow for regulation of what enters the nucleus
contains chromosomes: strand (s) of DNA

66
Q

Gene

A

A region of DNA that contains the code to produce a particular mRNA for transcription

67
Q

mRNA

A

transported (proteins) through the nuclear pores and binds to r-RNA to synthesize a specific protein during translation

68
Q

nucleolus

A

the site of ribosome (rRNA) synthesis (DNA code) : cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

69
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA
sites of protein synthesis or translation
can be free or bound

70
Q

Free cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins
include proteins that are used by the cell itself
proteins for the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes
cytoplasmic proteins

71
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes are bound to the ER membrane (proteins for the cell and for secretion)

72
Q

What do both free and bound ribosomes have in common

A

they are structurally identical and interchangeable

73
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

flattened membrane sacs studded with ribosomes
enclose fluid-filled spaces: cisternae
Their role is to synthesize proteins that enter cisternae, which are modified
includes initial folding of proteins
proteins exported as secretory products: hormones or enzymes
protein that remains in the cell
it also synthesizes lipids

74
Q

Examples of cells with Extensive RER

A
  1. Gastric Glands in the stomach: parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid
    chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which flow into the lumen and is converted into pepsin
  2. Endocrine glands: produce protein and peptide hormones
    Beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin
    Acinar cells of the pancreas: digestive enzymes
75
Q

Characteristics of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

No ribosomes present
The basic functions: newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the RER and the SER are packaged in transport vesicles then to the golgi complex for further processing for export out of the cell
Specialized functions: abundant SER in cells that secrete hormones
(liver cells and muscle cells)

76
Q

Process of Isolating of Cell Organelles

A

Centrifugation (using speed and weight)
Low speed separates (precipitates) nuclei
Intermediate speed separates the mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
High speed: precipitates the free ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum

77
Q

What is the relationship between microsomes and drug therapy?

A

Hepatic microsomal enzymes: enzymes in the SER of liver cells: Cytochrome P450
-Metabolize drugs: change their structure
-Detoxification of foreign substances including environment toxin

78
Q

Characteristic of the Golgi Complex (Apparatus)

A

Flattened sacs with cavities (cisternae)
Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles that contain cellular products enter the Golgi and are packaged into vesicles that bud off the sac
–Work with lysosomes
–Secretory vesicles: released from the cell by exocytosis

79
Q

Secretion Process for Proteins Synthesized by the RER

A
  1. rough ER synthesize proteins
  2. smooth ER packages the secretory product into transport vesicles
  3. the transport vesicles fuse with the golgi complex
  4. newly synthesized protein from the ER travel through the golgi complex
  5. secretory vesicles bud off the golgi complex
  6. secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty to the exterior
80
Q

Characteristics of Lysosomes

A

it is an intracellular digestive system
contain hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown the contents to form amino acids, glucose, fatty acids that enter the cytoplasm
has an acidic environment
it fuses with the membrane of endocytic vesicles

81
Q

What is endocytosis

A

the uptake of extracellular material (enclosed in a vesicle which forms an endocytic vesicle)

82
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis: white blood cells: cells membrane surrounds the particle, encloses it in the vesicle that enters the cell and fuses with the lysosome
pinocytosis: cell drinking
receptor-mediated endocytosis: very specific

83
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
EX: embryonic webbed fingers: cells of webbing die

84
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

they contain oxidative enzymes that allow for the breakdown of organic molecules
they produce and compose H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
–contain catalase: converts H2O2 into H20 and O2
detoxify cell compounds, foreign toxic compounds, alcohol

PHARM 5114 A&P 1 (1 decks)

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