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RESEARCH AND STATS > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Research definition

A

Is a systematic process of steps that
1) identify a research problem or issue of a study
2) reviews the literature
3) specifies a purpose for the study
4) collects and analyzes the data
5) interprets the information
6) and reports to audiences, that is evaluated community.

Whitman definition- empirical systematic investigation of the relationship between two or more variables

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2
Q

What are the traits of good research

A

1) Empirical
2) Systematic
3) Reliable
4) Valid

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

An attribute or characteristic that influences an outcome (DV)
Categorizes things

People with high GPA‘s

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

An attribute or characteristics that is dependent on or influenced by the independent variable.

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5
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method

A

A process of
1) defining a problem
2) making a hypothesis
3) gather literature collect data
4) data analysis
5) results and reporting

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6
Q

What are three types of research

A

Basic, Applied, and Action

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7
Q

“Basic” Research

A

A general inquiry to learn more about a given phenomenon

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8
Q

“Applied Research”

A

Research performed to solve a specific problem or generate practical solutions.

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9
Q

“Action Research”

A

A form of applied research where in goal is to solve a specific problem in a local setting.

Generalizability is not a concern

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10
Q

What are the four research paradigms

A

1) POSITIVISTS (Truth is known) cause
2) POST POSITIVISTS (Semi objective. We might know truth) correlation
3) CONSTRUCTIONIST/CONSTRUCTIVIST (Subjective. Truth is situationally based in subject to interpretation)
4) TRSNSFORMATIVE: research that is politically savvy an attempt to address systemic and societal issues across all peoples.

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11
Q

What is validity

A

Does the instrument measure what it reports to? Can meaningful inferences be made from the results of the instrument?

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12
Q

What is your favorite color

A

Yellow!!!! no blue!!!! Arrrrrrrgh!!!! 

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13
Q

 in terms of validity
Evidence based on content means

A

How well the continent is represented by the sample used in the instrument.

A test about the Olympics would ask questions about sports not submarines

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14
Q

Evidence based on the response process means
(Validity)

A

How will the scores of an instrument compare to observers ratings of the individual completing the instrument. Do they match.
Example… My intelligence versus a grade in Dr. Whitman’s class

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15
Q

What is evidence based on internal structure

A

A statistical analysis of items in the instrument

Does the measurement show that the IV is affecting the DV

 The degree to which we can accurately infer that X caused or is related to Y

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16
Q

What is criterion validity

A

Establishes validity through a comparison to another external standard or benchmark

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17
Q

A criterion is concurrent when:

A

The items being measured compare to each other NOW 

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18
Q

A criterion is preductive when

A

How well something predicts another measure in the future.

SAT scores and GPA after her first year of college

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19
Q

Construct validity is:

A

The accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects

Is the ability of an instrument to accurately measure a construct. Such as “a math test to measure sign language ability.“ Has no construct validity

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20
Q

Internal validity of a study is:

A

The degree of Confidence that the causal relationship Being tested It’s not influenced by other factors or variables

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21
Q

What is external validity

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be applied (generalized) to other groups, situations, or events

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22
Q

What is experimental quantitative research

A

Direct manipulation of the independent variable by the researcher. Random selection and assignment of subjects.

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23
Q

What is quasi experimental quantitative research

A

Direct manipulation of the independent variable by the researcher. Intact groups used as subjects.
(Example: you can’t break up to fourth grade classes for random sampling if you plan on using one has a control group)

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24
Q

What is non-experimental quantitative research

A

No manipulation of variables. Their bills are studied is the naturally occur in the real world.. (Correlation) (surveys)

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25
Q

What is historical quantitative research

A

A description of the past events

A meta-analysis of studies

26
Q

What is a meta-analysis of studies

A

Examination of data from several Independent studies On the same subject to look for overall trends

27
Q

The positivist research paradigm holds that:

A

Truth is known. Hypotheses are generated before the study begins

28
Q

The post positive research paradigm says that:

A

We might know the truth. It is semi objective. Other factors and forces my exert influences on the variables.

“The results likely suggest…”
“Correlation”

29
Q

constructionist or constructivist research paradigm holds that

A

Truth is subjective. Data are collected before the hypothesis. The researcher is the instrument and is an essential facet and influence or in the study

30
Q

The transformative research paradigm is

A

Research that is politically savvy and attempts to address systemic and societal issues across all peoples

31
Q

Chapter 1 of a research proposal provides what:

A

Justification and rationale for the study

32
Q

Chapter 2 of a research proposal provides what?

A

The literature review

33
Q

Chapter 3 of a research proposal provides what?

A

The methodology of the proposed study.

34
Q

What are the three types of research questions?

A

Descriptive – describing a phenomenon or event

Difference – looking for differences between two groups or within individual participants

Relationship – explore the degree that which two variables are related

35
Q

What is sampling bias

A

when a sample is Collected in such a way that some members of the population have a lower or higher chance of being picked than others

36
Q

What is motivational bias

A

A conscious or unconscious distortion motivated by one’s incentives or motivations

37
Q

What is impression management

A

When people aren’t honest about their conduct. An example would be number of sex partners or “I only had two drinks“

38
Q

What is the purpose of research

A

One to improve knowledge
2) To improve efficiency and effectiveness
3) To determine what works
4) To inform policy
5) To make data driven decisions

39
Q

Random sampling is:

A

All members of a population have an equal probability of being selected

40
Q

Convenience sampling is:

A

Using participants who are willing able and available. But may not be representative of the greater population

41
Q

Snowball sampling is:

A

when participants in a study are asked to suggest and refer other participants.

42
Q

Simple random sampling is:

A

All members have an equal chance of being selected

43
Q

Systematic random sampling is:

A

Random selection of individuals at specified intervals - example every 10th person

44
Q

What is stratified random sampling

A

Dividing populations into strata to maintain proportionality. Example balancing males and females in a study

45
Q

What is multi stage cluster sampling

A

Selection of groups of people not individuals which will occur in two or more data collection intervals. For example using three middle schools across the country then doing for high schools

46
Q

What is purposive sampling

A


Deliberate selection of Specified individuals to participate in the study

47
Q

When choosing a sample what is “matching”

A

ensuring that members of a sample have similar characteristics so that the independent variable can be tested against the dependent variable



48
Q

When choosing a sample what is blocking

A

Grouping so that the sample is homogeneous . Pretty much “matching” for groups

49
Q

What is statical power

A

The likelihood of a test detecting an effect when there actually is one

50
Q

What are the types of qualitative studies

A

Ethnomethodology
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Historical
Case study
Action research
Narrative

51
Q

What is Ethnomethodology and give an example

A

Studies how social order is produced In and through the process of social interaction

Examines the ordinary and “norms” of some thing

Example: how middle school students define their social groups

52
Q

In QLT research what is a case study and give an example

A

Examines the ideal or outliers

Example: serial killer Aileen Wuornos opinions on men

Or How Michael Jordan plays basketball

53
Q

What is phenomenology

A

Phenomenology Is the philosophy of “experience” Therefore Phenomenological Study would be a study of someone’s experience

Example: exploring the lived experiences of women undergoing breast biopsy

54
Q

What is “grounded theory” as a type of qualitative research?

A

Construction of a hypothesis through collecting data. In other words… It’s pretty much the opposite of quantitative research.

Example: why are employers frustrated by their job?

The process would be HR gathers data comes up with themes about what the employee say and comes up with a theory about why the work place is frustrating. 

55
Q

Is action research qualitative or quantitative?

A

Qualitative

56
Q

Is historical research qualitative or quantitative

A

Qualitative

57
Q

What is a moderating variable

A

A moderating variable is one that can strengthen, diminish, negate, or otherwise alter the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Example: gender being the moderate variable , Hours spent exercising is the independent variable, resting heart rate is the dependent variable

58
Q

What is a mediating or an intervening variable

A

 A theoretical variable that The researcher uses To explain a cause or connection between the independent and dependent variable

Stands between the IV and the DV

59
Q

What is statistical precision

A

As sample size increases statistical precision increases

60
Q

What is effect size

A

A measure of how much a meaningful difference exist between groups being compared



61
Q

What are performance measures

A

Typically test in which the objective is for the test take her to obtain his or her best score

62
Q

What are attitudinal measures

A

Measures attitude or beliefs. Typically use inventories to try and measure a typical score

RESEARCH AND STATS (4 decks)

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