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Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter that inhibits brain signals

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2
Q

Glutamate

A

Brain’s most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Fraternal vs Identical Twins

A

Fraternal twins are no more similar than siblings. Identical twins have identical genes

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4
Q

Concordance rate of Depression between fraternal and identical twins

A

Fraternal: 15%
Identical: 67%

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5
Q

Concordance rate of anxiety between fraternal vs identical twins

A

Fraternal: 4%
Identical: 40%

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6
Q

Aside from genetics, identical twins also have ______. This means that concordance between certain mental disorders can be attributed to more than just genetics

A

Super-shared environment

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7
Q

Number of neurons in your brain

A

~100 billion

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8
Q

Four main components of a neuron

A

Soma (cell body), dendrites, axon, myelin

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow signals to skip and go faster

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10
Q

Terminal Button

A

Endpoint of the axon

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11
Q

Can your body make new neurons?

A

Generally, no

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12
Q

Gila

A

Support system for the neurons. Much smaller, but much larger in numbers than your neurons

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13
Q

Three major types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

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14
Q

Stages of impulse transmission

A
  1. Synthesis of neurotransmitter
  2. Storage in synaptic vesicle
  3. Release into synaptic space
  4. Binding to receptor site
  5. Deactivation through reuptake or breakdown
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15
Q

Why don’t neurons touch each other

A

They would always be active

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16
Q

Nutrients needed to synthesize neurotransmitters

A

Precursors

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17
Q

How does your body respond to overabundance of neurotransmitters in the synaptic space?

A

It will create more receptors on your dendrites.

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Assists with long-term memory and muscle activity

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19
Q

Alzheimer’s Mechanism

A

Lack of acetylcholine

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20
Q

Botox mechanism

A

Inhibits reception of acetylcholine

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21
Q

Black widow poison mechanism

A

Inhibits reception of acetylcholine

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22
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates appetites, drives (sex, thirst, sleep), and your long-term mood

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23
Q

Depression mechanism

A

Too little serotonin and/or norepinephrine

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24
Q

Manic mechanism

A

Too much serotonin

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25
Q

Antidepressant mechanism

A

Gives you more serotonin. Decreases GABA

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26
Q

SSRI Mechanism

A

Prevents reuptake of serotonin (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in working (short-term) memory, learning, voluntary movement, experiencing salient pleasure, and regulating emotions

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28
Q

Parkinson’s mechanism

A

Too little dopamine

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29
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Too much dopamine

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30
Q

Cocaine mechanism

A

Inhibits reuptake of dopamine

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31
Q

Marijuana mechanism

A

Increases dopamine levels

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32
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Involved in attention, mood, fight/flight response, and learning

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33
Q

Anxiety mechanism

A

Lack of norepinephrine

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34
Q

ADHD mechanism

A

Inability to inhibit norepinephrine

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35
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline. Similar to norepinephrine, but found more in the body

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36
Q

EpiPen mechanism

A

Epinephrine injection

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37
Q

GABA

A

Primary inhibitor of neurotransmitters

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38
Q

Alcohol mechanism

A

Increases GABA

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39
Q

Endorphines

A

Body’s natural painkillers. Responsible for “euphoria”

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40
Q

Heroin mechanism

A

Increases endorphines

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41
Q

Main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (brain, spine), peripheral nervous system (everything else)

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42
Q

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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43
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Responsible for voluntary movement

44
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Responsible for involuntary movement and maintaining homeostasis

45
Q

Division of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

46
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Slows you down after periods of stress (slows heart, dilates vessels, etc.)

47
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Responds to dangerous/stressful situations (accelerates heart, contracts vessels, etc.)

48
Q

Methods for studying the brain

A
  • Observation
  • Destruction and stimulation
  • Neuropsychological tests
  • Electrical recordings
  • Brain imaging
49
Q

Behavior

A

Actions and responses directly observable and measurable

50
Q

Mind

A

Internal states that must be inferred

51
Q

Main goals of psychology

A

Describe, explain, predict, control

52
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Taking an active role in the world around us and evaluating the validity of information presented to us as fact

53
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of psychology. Had the first psychology laboratory. Studied the mind by breaking it down to its basic components (was a structuralist)

54
Q

Structuralism

A

Studied the mind by breaking it down to its basic components. Used introspection as methodology

55
Q

Functionalism

A

Studied the functions of consciousness. When structuralism asked how, functionalists asked why

56
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

States that behavior is caused by the inner (mostly unconscious) workings of our personality caused by unresolved conflicts from the past. Psychodynamic Psychologists do not believe in free will

57
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Process by which psychodynamic psychologists seek to understand the human brain

58
Q

Psychodynamic beliefs

A

Humans have strong inborn sexual and aggressive drives.
Adult personality is largely determined by childhood experiences
Defense mechanisms help us cope with anxiety and trauma
Struggle between conflicting internal energies is ever-moving in nature, hence the term psychodynamic

59
Q

Behaviorist

A

School of Psychology that states behavior is caused by external environment and that psychology should only study observable response.

60
Q

John Locke

A

Behaviorist. Believed in empiricism and that, at birth, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) upon which experience is written.

61
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Behaviorist. Believed environment shapes behavior through association of events with one another. Invented classical conditioning

62
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Behaviorist. Said environment shapes behavior through consequences of actions

63
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely to recur

64
Q

John Watson

A

Behaviorist. Said only subject matter is psychology was observable behavior

65
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

“No account of what is happening inside the human body, no matter how complete, will explain the origins of human behavior”. Behaviorist. Invented operant conditioning

66
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

School of psychology that states learning influences our thoughts and expectations

67
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Behavior is caused by thought processes. Views human beings as information processors

68
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Stated that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Gestalt = “Whole”. Opposite of structuralism.

69
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

Emphasizes free will. States that humans have an innate tendency towards growth, the attempt to find meaning in one’s existence, and conscious awareness. Humans are not controlled by unconscious processes, nor do they merely react to the environment.

Overall had less impact than other perspectives in modern psychology

70
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Pioneered the humanist movement

71
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Humanist. Focused on self-actualization and needs hierarchy

72
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Growth needs:
- Self-actualization
- Aesthetic needs
- Cognitive needs
Deficiency needs:
- Esteem needs
- Belonginess and love needs
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs

73
Q

Impacts of Humanist Perspective

A

Pioneered research on process of psychotherapy. Stimulated research on the topic of self-concept

74
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Behavior is caused by cultural environment

75
Q

Social Norms

A

Rules for acceptable and expected behavior for members of the group or within the group

76
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them

77
Q

Biological perspective

A

Examines biological influence on behavior including brain, hormonal, genetic, and evolutionary processes

78
Q

Karl Lashey

A

Biological psychologist. Pioneered brain mapping

79
Q

Donald Hebb

A

Biological psychologist. Studied neurotransmitters

80
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

Inability to copy 2D or 3D objects onto paper

81
Q

Hemi-spatial neglect

A

Damage to one side of the brain can cause you to neglect an entire side of your perception

82
Q

CT Scan

A

Fast, layered images of brain tissue density.

83
Q

PET Scan

A

Measures brain activity, blood flow, and glucose. Works by injecting radioactive tracer into subject

84
Q

MRI Scan

A

Can study both structure and activity. Assesses magnetic pull of hydrogen atoms

85
Q

FMRI Scan

A

Sophisticated MRI. Studies real-time activity

86
Q

Brain Stem

A

Most primitive part of the brain. Includes medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum

87
Q

Medulla

A

Handles vital unconscious body functions (heartbeat, breathing, blinking), and decussation (left-right crossover). It has the appearance of a large bulge and is the first part of the brain encountered from the spine.

88
Q

Pons

A

Helps medulla with life-sustaining functions

89
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Involved in attention, arousal (conscious to unconscious), and filtration of incoming sensory information (“habituation”).

90
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain”. Responsible for muscle movement, coordination, learning, and memory. Heavily involved in muscle memory

91
Q

Midbrain

A

Includes thalamus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

92
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory switchboard: organizes input from sensory organs and turns them into senses to be sent to the brain. Does not regulate smell.

93
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates release of hormones

94
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps maintain homeostasis. Regulates appetites and drives, motivation, and body regulation

95
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in forming and retrieving long-term (episodic) memories

96
Q

Amygdala

A

Organizes motivational and emotional responses. Picks up on social cues from others and helps determine intent

97
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Forebrain. Includes frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

98
Q

Frontal lobe

A

“CEO of the Body”. Responsible for executive functions

99
Q

Executive Functions

A

Human’s highest order of thinking. Includes inhibition (delayed gratification), working memory, evaluating consequences, and thinking about the future

100
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Responsible for speech formation. Inside the frontal lobe

101
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Responsible for speech understanding: reading, writing, and interpreting sounds as words. Inside temporal lobe

102
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Area of temporal lobe responsible for hearing. Includes Wernicke’s Area

103
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for vision

104
Q

Motor cortex

A

Band of cortex in frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement. Certain regions of the motor cortex are responsible for different regions of the body, and the size of that region is correlated to how sensitive that area is

105
Q

Somatic Cortex

A

Region of the parietal cortex adjacent to the motor cortex. Analogous to the motor cortex. Responsible for sense of touch

Psych (5 decks)

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