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animal nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are ruminants able to use structural carbohydrates, e.g., cellulose, more efficiently than nonruminants?

A

The rumen is a fermentation system.
The microbes can breakdown fiber (cellulose) to VFAs.

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2
Q

VFAs examples

A

Acetate
Propionate
Glutyrate

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3
Q

What are VFAs absorbed by

A

Papillae

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4
Q

Pathway of amylopectin’s from mouth to small intestine

A

Amylopectin —> mouth (salivary amylase) —> stomach —> small intestine —> pancreas (pancreatic amylase) —> glucose, oligosaccharides (lactase, sucrose), maltose, alpha-dextrins

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5
Q

Inputs examples

A

Drinking
Feed
Metabolic

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6
Q

Outputs examples

A

Feces
Urine
Insensible - skin, lungs

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7
Q

Which route of water output accounts for the greatest proportion of water loss?

A

Insensible loss via lungs

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8
Q

Which property of water enables it to be such a great physiological solvent

A

Property polar compound

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9
Q

Decrease pH [lactic acidosis] (starch)

A
  1. Damage papillae
  2. (-) cellulytic bacteria
  3. Systemic acidosis
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10
Q

Glucose —> VFAs produce

A

2-4 ATP

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11
Q

True or false: glucose and galactose are geoisomers

A

False

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12
Q

True or false: pancreatic amylase breaks alpha1-4 bonds in starch

A

True

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13
Q

How many carbons does fructose contain

A

6

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14
Q

True or false: amylopectin has alpha1-2 branching points

A

False

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15
Q

True or false: C6H12O6 is the empirical form for mannose

A

True

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16
Q

Aliphatic side chains

A

Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine

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17
Q

Side chains containing hydroxylic (OH) groups

A

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

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18
Q

Side chains containing sulfur atoms

A

Cytosine
Methionine

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19
Q

Side chains containing acidic groups or their amides

A

Aspartic acid
Asparagine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine

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20
Q

Side chains containing basic groups

A

Arginine
Lysine
Histidine

21
Q

Containing aromatic rings

A

Histidine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

22
Q

Imino acids

A

Proline

23
Q

What are the 2 sources of protein reaching the small intestine in the ruminant?

A

Undegradable protein
Microbial protein

24
Q

Endo peptidases

A

Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin

25
Q

Exo peptidases

A

Carboxypeptidase

26
Q

Pepsinogen (inactive zymogen)

A

Chief cells —> pepsinogen —(H+)—> pepsin

27
Q

What turns on it’s own production

A

Trypsin

28
Q

Trypsinogen —>

A

—(enteropeptidase) —> trypsin

29
Q

Chymotrypsinogen —>

A

—(trypsin)—> chymotrypsin

30
Q

Procarboxtpeptidase —>

A

—(trypsin)—> carboxypeptidase

31
Q

What are the building blocks of protein and muscle

A

Amino acids

32
Q

Galactose is synthesized from

A

Glucose

33
Q

Hexoses examples

A

Glucose
Galactose
Mannose

34
Q

Disaccharides examples

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

35
Q

Starch examples

A

Amylose

36
Q

Fiber examples

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

37
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

38
Q

What use the D,L nomenclature

A

Sugars

39
Q

Neutral detergent fibers

A

Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin

40
Q

Neutral detergent soluble

A

Soluble carbohydrates
Starch
Organic acids
Protein
Pectin

41
Q

Acid detergent fiber

A

Cellulose
Lignin

42
Q

Acid detergent soluble

A

Hemicellulose

43
Q

Boiling point is

A

100 C

44
Q

Largest source of water loss is

A

Vaporization

45
Q

Vaporization sensible example

A

Sweat

46
Q

Vaporization insensible example

A

Skins and lungs

47
Q

Fish excrete what through their urine

A

Nitrogenous waste

48
Q

Birds excrete what through this urine

A

Uric acid

animal nutrition (3 decks)

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