Exam 1

Question 1

Factors of soil formation

Answer 1

time, topography, parent material, climate and organisms

Question 2

soil formation main processes

Answer 2

addition and losses, transformation, translocation

Question 3

additions and losses

Answer 3

inputs water and organic matter and there are losses through weathering.
- change the soil overtime

Question 4

transformation

Answer 4

weathering and decomposition change the nature of the soil

Question 5

translocation

Answer 5

movement of material creates zones of depletion and enrichment, this creates vertical heterogeneity

Question 6

O-Horizon

Answer 6

organic, decomposition, typically at the soil surface

Question 7

A-Horizon

Answer 7

top mineral, organic matter accumulates and it is darkened by organic matter

Question 8

E-Horizon

Answer 8

Lighter colored than A, Clay and organic matter have been leached , eluviation below A and O

Question 9

B-Horizon

Answer 9

Where clay and organic matter from A and E accumulate, illuviation occurs

Question 10

C-Horizon

Answer 10

Parent material, unconsolidated material below A and B

Question 11

eluviation

Answer 11

removal, leaching

Question 12

illuviation

Answer 12

accumulation

Question 13

g

Answer 13

strong gleying - molting

Question 14

h

Answer 14

illuvial accumulation of organic matter

Question 15

k

Answer 15

accumulation of carbonates

Question 16

n

Answer 16

accumulation of sodium

Question 17

s

Answer 17

illuvial organic matter and iron, aluminum oxides

Question 18

t

Answer 18

accumulation of silicate clays

Question 19

o

Answer 19

accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides

Question 20

p

Answer 20

plowing or other disturbances

Question 21

glacial till

Answer 21

sediment deposited by a glacier

Question 22

alluvium

Answer 22

transported by water (streams)

Question 23

colluvium

Answer 23

gravity

Question 24

aeolian/loess

Answer 24

transported by wind/wind blown dust

Question 25

tephra

Answer 25

transported by volcanic eruption

Question 26

lacustrine/marine

Answer 26

formed at bottoms of lakes, carried to oceans by rivers and streams

Question 27

residual

Answer 27

formed in place - none

Question 28

physical weathering

Answer 28

change in size of the rocks and minerals by atmospheric agents without chemical alteration

Question 29

physical weathering examples

Answer 29

freezing/thawing, grinding and abrasion

Question 30

chemical weathering

Answer 30

change in the chemical nature of the rocks/minerals by atmospheric agents

Question 31

chemical reaction - hydrolysis

Answer 31

splitting H2O

Question 32

chemical reaction - hydration

Answer 32

addition of intact water molecule

Question 33

chemical reaction - carbonation

Answer 33

reaction with CO2 and H2Co3 solubilizing minerals

Question 34

chemical reaction - oxidation

Answer 34

electron loss

Question 35

reduction

Answer 35

electron gain

Question 36

dissolution

Answer 36

water as a solvent, hydration cations and anions

Question 37

Alfisols

Answer 37

argillic, natric and kandic horizon that has a high to medium base saturation

Question 38

Alfisols

Answer 38

alf

Question 39

andisols

Answer 39

from volcanic ejecta, dominated by allophane and al-humic complexes

Question 40

andisols

Answer 40

and

Question 41

aridisols

Answer 41

dry soil, ochric epipedon that is sometimes argillic or natric

Question 42

aridisols

Answer 42

id

Question 43

entisols

Answer 43

little profile development, ochric epipedon common

Question 44

entisols

Answer 44

ent

Question 45

gelisols

Answer 45

permafrost often with cryoturbation (frost churning)

Question 46

gelisols

Answer 46

el

Question 47

histosols

Answer 47

peat or bog >20% organic matter

Question 48

histosols

Answer 48

ist

Question 49

inceptisols

Answer 49

ept

Question 50

inceptisols

Answer 50

embryonic soils with few diagnostic features, ochric/umbric epipedon, cambric horizon

Question 51

mollisols

Answer 51

mollic epipedon, high base saturation, dark soils, argillic/natric horizons

Question 52

mollisols

Answer 52

oll

Question 53

oxisols

Answer 53

oxic horizon, no argillic horizon highly weathered

Question 54

oxisols

Answer 54

ox