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Biol 1202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

bodies of living organisms are modified through the ___ or ___ of parts

A

use ; disuse (Lamarck)

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2
Q

founding father of palontology

A

georges cuvier

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3
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A

Identified natural selection as a means to drive change and diversification

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4
Q

two main ideas of evolution

A

Change over time of the genetic composition of a population ; modern organisms are modifications pre-existing organisms

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5
Q

accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive in specific environments

A

evolutionary adaptation

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6
Q

descent with modifications by natural selection explains three broad observations

A

-unity of life
-diversity of life
-the ways organisms are suited to life their environments

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7
Q

Mechanisms behind natural selection

A

-variability
-heritability
-differential reproductive success

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8
Q

selective breeding organisms to encourage the occurrence of _____ traits

A

desirable

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9
Q

remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors, but no longer serve that functions

A

vestigial structures

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10
Q

what mechanisms can cause the evolution of populations

A

-natural selection
-genetic drift
-gene flow

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11
Q

evolution occurs when the ____ ________ of a population change over time

A

allele frequencies

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12
Q

describe a population that is not evolving

A

-no mutations
-large population size
-no gene flow
-no natural selection
-random mating

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13
Q

frequency of the dominant allele

A

p

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14
Q

frequency of the recessive allele

A

q

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15
Q

p+q=?

A

1

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16
Q

homozygous dominant

A

p^2

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17
Q

frequency of individuals who are heterozygous

A

2pq

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18
Q

occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other

A

directional selection

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18
Q

when individuals of intermediate phenotype are less fit than those of both higher and lower phenotype, such that extremes are favored

A

disruptive selection

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19
Q

genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

A

stabilizing selection

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20
Q

Maintains genetic variation in the form of recessive alleles, which can be hidden from selection

A

diploidy

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21
Q

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

A

balancing selection

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22
Q

individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have a ______ fitness than either homozygous condition

A

greater

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23
Q

sickle-cell allele

A

causes mutations in hemoglobin, but also confers malaria resistance

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24
Q

changes in allele frequencies over time

A

microevolution

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25
Q

broad pattern of evolution above the species level

A

macroevolution

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26
Q

______ : species concept based on body shape and other structural features

A

morphological

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27
Q

based on the role in the environment

A

ecological species

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28
Q

existence of reproductive barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

A

reproductive isolation

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29
Q

reproductive barriers

A

prezygotic & postzygotic

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30
Q

barriers that prevent the formation of a zygote

A

prezygotic

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31
Q

barriers that prevent zygote/offspring from surviving or reproducing successfullu

A

post-zygotic

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32
Q

-reduced hybrid variability
-reduced hybrid fertility
-hybrid breakdown

A

postzygotic barriers

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33
Q

-habitat isolation
-temporal isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation

A

prezygotic barriers

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34
Q

allopatric

A

living in different areas

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35
Q

sympatric

A

living in the same area

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36
Q

polyploidy

A

presence of extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to accidents during meiosis (very common in plants)

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37
Q

individual has more than two chromosomes sets, all derived from a single species

A

autopolyploidy

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38
Q

species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species (hybrids)

A

allopolyploidy

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39
Q

can you form basic organic molecules inorganically?

A

yes

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40
Q

allo

A

other

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41
Q

poly

A

many

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42
Q

proto

A

first

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43
Q

father

A

pater (patr)

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44
Q

true, good

A

eu

45
Q

with or together with

A

co-

46
Q

same

A

sym-

47
Q

equal

A

equi-

48
Q

behind

A

post- (postero-)

49
Q

joint

A

arthr-

50
Q

both, double, two:

A

ploid

51
Q

first

A

prim-

52
Q

foot

A

-pod

53
Q

same

A

homo- (homeo-)

54
Q

p^2+2pq+q^2 refers to

A

frequency of individuals

55
Q

not applicable for extinct species

A

biological

56
Q

relies on similarities in structure

A

morphological

57
Q

based on evolutionary history

A

phylogenetic

58
Q

-accommodates asexual reproduction
-species acceptance criteria can be subjectibe

A

morphological, phylogenetic

59
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

occurs before (and prevents) fertilization of the egg

60
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

occurs after (doesn’t prevent) fertilization

61
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

offspring produced by mating are unable to survive to adulthood or are frail and cannot compete for mates

62
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

offspring produced by mating are sterile, preventing continued gene flow.

63
Q

mating cannot occur because of morphological incompatibilities

A

mechanical isolation

64
Q

the act of mating can occur, but fertilization of the egg is prevented

A

gametic isolation

65
Q

differences in the timing of breeding, whether the time of day or the time of year, preventing mating

A

temporal isolation

66
Q

change in allele frequencies caused by random events

A

genetic drift

67
Q

populations that live close enough to interbreed

A

sympatry

68
Q

what prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations

A

gene flow

69
Q

contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes

A

autopolyploid

70
Q

occurs when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes from the same species

A

autopolyploid

71
Q

How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?

A

Nondisjunction event during mitosis

72
Q

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.

A

punctuated equilibria model

73
Q

the similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry

A

homology

74
Q

refers to the distribution of species on earth

A

biogeography

75
Q

n organism that is found in a specific area but does not exist naturally anywhere else in the world

A

endemic species

76
Q

natural selection _____ individuals that reproduced more than others

A

favors

77
Q

a trait that increases an individuals ability to survive in a particular environment

A

adaption

78
Q

independent evolution of similar features

A

convergent evolution

79
Q

common ancestry

A

homologous characters

80
Q

different ancestry (convergent evolution)

A

analogous characters

81
Q

ways natural selection leads to adaptation

A

-natural selection passes traits down that allow organisms to better adapt to their environment
-this enables better survival and reproduction compared to other members of the species (LEADING TO EVOLUTION)

82
Q

the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring

A

heritability

83
Q

____ _____ only works for heritable traits

A

artificial selection

84
Q

the evolutionary force that consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies

A

selection

85
Q

an evolutionary force that could create new genetic information in a population

A

mutation

86
Q

the evolutionary effects of genetic drift are the greatest when >

A

the population size is small

87
Q

an organisms relative fitness is measured by its >

A

contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

88
Q

generation to generation change in allele frequency

A

microevolution

89
Q

the original source of all genetic variation is ______

A

mutations

90
Q

origin of earth (era)

A

hadean

91
Q

order of eras

A

Hadean, archean, proterozoic, PHANEROZOIC > paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

92
Q

oldest fossils of cells (prokaryotes) appear

A

archaen

93
Q

oldest fossils of cells (eukaryotic) appear

A

proteozoic

94
Q

paleozoic

A

cambrian explosion, first tetrapods and insects

95
Q

mesozoic

A

origin of mammals, dinosaurs evolve and radiate

96
Q

cenozoic

A

humans appear, major radiation of pollinating insects

97
Q

_____ were dominant during the Paleozoic era

A

Paleozoic

98
Q

life arose during the _____ era

A

precambrian

99
Q

“an RBA world on early earth”

A

some RNA molecules are important catalyst in modern cells

100
Q

How do body characteristics affect the likelihood of fossilization?

A

-A hard shell is not crushed easily and doesn’t decompose easily
-Soft bodied organisms are less likely to be fossilized
-Hard shells are most common in fossil records

101
Q

How does location affect the likelihood of fossilization?

A

-Organisms that live in areas with low oxygen content are more likely to fossilize
-Organisms that live in areas where sediments are actively being deposited are more likely to fossilize
-Organisms that live near a beach are more likely to fossilize

102
Q

eukaryotic and prokaryotic similarities

A

dna, cell wall, and plasma membrane

103
Q

what does eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotics dont

A

contain membrane-bound organelles (nucleus)

104
Q

_____ has both information storage and catalytic properties

A

RNA

105
Q

Oxygen revolution

A

rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, dooming many prokaryotic groups.

106
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

began with heterotrophic endosymbiont entering the cell as undigested prey or as an internal parasite

107
Q

Allows us to indirectly date fossils up to billions of years old based on minerals in surrounding volcanic strata

A

radiometric dating

108
Q

A factor that reduces gene flow in many groups of organisms promotes ______ on a grand scale

A

speciation

109
Q

Genetic drift can lead to the fixation of alleles, causing ______ ______ and promoting speciation.

A

reproductive isolation

110
Q
A

Biol 1202 (3 decks)

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