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psych 360 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four cour assumptions of social psychology?

A
  1. behavior is a joint product of the person and the situation
  2. behavior depends on a socially constructed view of reality
  3. behavior is strongly influenced by our social cognition
  4. the best way to understand social behavior is to use the scientific method
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2
Q

what are the 3 reasons for why we use the scientific method?

A
  1. people often don’t really know what they think they know
  2. people are cognitive misers
  3. people reason in ways that support what they already believe
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3
Q

what is the correlational method?

A

whereby two or more preexisting characteristics (the variables) of a group of individuals are measured and compared to determine whether and/or to what extent they are associated

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4
Q

what is the experimental method?

A

an experiment is a study in which the researcher takes active control and manipulates one variable, referred to as the independent variable, measures possible effects on another variable, referred to as the dependent variable, and tries to hold all other variables constant

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5
Q

what are the four limitations of science?

A
  1. doesn’t make moral judgments
  2. doesn’t make aesthetic judgments
  3. doesn’t tell you how to use scientific knowledge
  4. doesn’t draw conclusions about supernatural explanations
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6
Q

what are domain-specific adaptations?

A

attributes that evolved to meet a particular challenge but that are not particularly useful when dealing with other types of challenges

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7
Q

what are domain-general adaptations?

A

attributes that are useful for dealing with various challenges across different areas of life

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8
Q

what are the four domain-general adaptations that shape human behavior?

A
  1. humans are social beings
  2. humans are very intelligent beings
  3. humans are motivated, goal-striving beings
  4. humans are very emotional beings
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9
Q

conscious vs non-conscious aspects of thinking

A

the process by which a task no longer requires conscious attention is referred to as automatization. as a result of automatization, many behavior result from unconscious automatic processes, while response to more novel, complex, and challenging situations involve more conscious controlled processes

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10
Q

what are primary emotions?

A

whereas mood tends to be a general feeling that is often not the focus of our attention, at the other times we are acutely aware of feeling a specific emotion (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust)

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11
Q

what are secondary emotions?

A

variations of the six primary emotions.

joy, ecstasy, delight —> happiness

social emotions —> sympathy, embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride, jealousy, envy, gratitude, contempt

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12
Q

what is emotion differentiation?

A

the more we are able to make fine-grained distinctions in the emotions we are experiencing the better off we are

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13
Q

what is mutual constitution?

A

culture that shapes us at the same time that we shape culture

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14
Q

why is culture difficult to define and why are cultures/subcultures difficult to distinguish from one another?

A

because of the way that culture has so many layers of meanings and how culture affects our emotions, identity, relationships, and decisions

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15
Q

what are the three aspects of environment that culture helps people adapt to?

A
  1. physical environment: through the development of skills and tools that help people meet their basic biological goals of survival and reproduction
  2. social environment: through the development of social roles, relationships, and order
  3. metaphysical environment: through the development of cultural worldviews that provide answers to the big questions that have concerned human throughout time
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16
Q

what is the terror management theory?

A

human have fashioned a partial solution to this existential dread, using the same cognitive abilities that made them aware of mortality to manage this terror

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17
Q

what is collectivistic vs individualistic?

A
  1. community sharing
  2. authority ranking
  3. equality matching
  4. market pricing

individual initiative, achievement, and creativity are highly encouraged, and people look primarily after their own interests and those of their immediate families

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18
Q

what are the three motives from lay epistemology theory that lead us to reach conclusions?

A
  1. the need to be accurate
  2. the need to reach closure (quickly)
  3. the need to confirm what one already prefers to believe
19
Q

what are dual process theories?

A

two ways of processing information

20
Q

what is implicit vs. explicit attitudes?

A

implicit: based on automatic associations that make up the experiential system (more behavioral, reaction times)

explicit: the evaluations that we consciously make using the cognitive system (directly asking people what they believe)

21
Q

what are the five ways unconscious is smart?

A
  1. the motives that guide thinking often operate unconsciously
  2. memory consolidation occurs during sleep
  3. unconscious mind wandering can help generate creative ideas
  4. intuition can facilitate sound decisions
  5. unconscious emotional associations can promote beneficial decisions
22
Q

what are schemas?

A

knowledge is stored in memory on a mental structure

23
Q

what are scripts?

A

schémas about events

schemas that represents knowledge about events

24
Q

what is priming?

A

occurs when something in the environment activated a schema

25
Q

what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

people’s initially false expectations can cause the fulfillment of those expectations

26
Q

what is schéma-consistent vs. schema-inconsistent memory?

A

consistent: follows the mental structure
inconsistent: doesn’t follow the mental structure

27
Q

what is availability heuristic?

A

the tendency to assume that information that comes easily to mind (or is readily available) is more frequent

28
Q

what are the two dimensions of causal attributions

A

internal vs. external and stable vs. unstable

29
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior

30
Q

what is actor-observer effect?

A

as observers, we are likely to make external attribution for our own behavior. when observing others, we attend primarily to them and not to their situation. in contrast, when acting ourselves, we are usually reacting to someone or something in our environment

31
Q

what is upward vs. downward counterfactuals?

A

thoughts about how the situation could have been better vs. thoughts of alternatives that are worse than what actually happened

32
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

a set of ideas about other people’s thoughts, desires, feelings, intentions

33
Q

what is a false consensus?

A

a general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences

34
Q

what is self-concept vs. ego?

A

one’s knowledge about oneself vs. the aspect of self that control one’s actions

35
Q

what are the three social influences on self-concept?

A
  1. culture: provides us with identities, roles, traits, and interests
  2. gender: challenging popular assumptions about men vs. women
  3. context: self-schema, working self-concept, solo status
36
Q

what is the working self-concept?

A

refers to the portion of a person’s self-schéma that is currently activated and influences the individual’s behavior

37
Q

what is upward vs. downward comparison?

A

a comparison with others who are better off vs. a comparison with others who are worse off in the dimension at hand

38
Q

what is the dunning-kruger effect?

A

those least competent in a certain subject area overestimate their skills the most

39
Q

what is misattribution of arousal?

A

occurs when we ascribe arousal resulting from one source to a different source and, therefore, experience emotions that we wouldn’t normally feel in response to a stimulus

40
Q

what is the self-awareness theory?

A

noticing ourselves and our behavior leads us to judging our behavior according to our internal standards

41
Q

what is the construal level theory?

A

when people imagine events in the distant future, they focus more on the abstract meaning of those events — such as their connection with personal growth — then on the concrete details

42
Q

what is willpower: running hot and cold

A

the capacity to overcome the many temptations, challenges, and obstacles that could impede pursuit of one’s long-term goals

strong emotions vs. level-headed reason

43
Q

how to stop perseverating?

A

one way people can fall into depression

reflect and revisit, ask for support, have a plan for getting unstuck

psych 360 (1 decks)

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