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geology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

radius of the earth

A

4000 miles

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2
Q

circumference of the earth

A

2500 miles

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3
Q

revolution

A

1 year, noncircular elliptical orbit

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4
Q

distance from earth to sun

A

93 million miles

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5
Q

phase of revolution where the earth is farther away from the sun

A

aphelion, 93 million miles

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6
Q

phase of revolution where the earth is closer to the sun

A

perihelion 91 million miles

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7
Q

amount of years it takes for the orbit of revolution to rotate 360 degrees

A

100,000 years

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8
Q

rotation time and speed

A

1 day, 1000 mph

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9
Q

earth shape created by the forces of gravity causing expansion at the equator

A

oblate spheroid

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10
Q

study of the shape of the earth

A

geodisy

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11
Q

tilt of the earth causing seasons

A

axial tilt, 22-24.5 degrees

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12
Q

amount of time it takes for the axial tilt to change from one extreme to another and back

A

40,000 years

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13
Q

wobble of the axis of rotation

A

precession, full one takes 26,000 years

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14
Q

cycles that map out the occurrence of each of earth’s motion cycles to determine when they will coincide potentially causing weather extremes like the ice age

A

Milankovitch cycles

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15
Q

created by the earth’s rotation and core rich in iron; acts as a shield protecting the earth from the sun’s harmful rays

A

magnetic field

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16
Q

prior to 1780, school of thought that the earth was formed by a series of infrequent major events such as volcanos and biblical floods

A

catastrophism

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17
Q

post 1780, school of thought that the earth was shaped by frequent minor events over a long period of time such as rivers, wind, and tectonic shifts

A

uniformitarianism

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18
Q

location and person who discovered evidence of uniformitarianism with shifts in the rocks, caused the shift from catastrophism to uniformitarianism

A

Siccar point Scotland, James Hutton, 1780

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19
Q

location and person who recognized large land ripples similar to that of sand likely caused by catastrophic floods leading to the proposal of neo catastrophism

A

J Harlan Bretz, Channeled Scablands, Washington state, 1920s

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20
Q

modern school of thought that uniformitarianism and catastrophism work in conjunction to shape the earth

A

neo-catastrophism

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21
Q

law that states the oldest rocks are found on the bottom and the newest on the top

A

law of superposition

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22
Q

law that states sediments that became rocks were originally laid down horizontally, some remain that way but some shift

A

law of original horizontality

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23
Q

size order for sections of the geologic time scale

A

Eon>Era>period>epoch

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24
Q

now the geologic time scale was Originally made

A

relative age dating based on floral and faunal succession

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25
Q

recent technology allows for this type of dating using radio active elements discovered in 1960’5 by marie curie

A

absolute age dating

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26
Q

decay of radioactive isotopes over time allows for this method bused on the energy they emit as a parent decays into the daughter

A

half like decay

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27
Q

Oldest Object we have dating to 4.3 bya found in Jack hills of western australia

A

Zircon crystal

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28
Q

Earth begins

A

4.6 bya

29
Q

2.5 bya divide proterozoic and archeon marked by this event made obvious by the presence of rust in fossilized rocks

A

great oxidation event

30
Q

541 mya paleozoic begins with this event marked by the appearance of fossil hard parts

A

cambrian explosion

31
Q

mesozoic begins marked by major reptiles

A

252 mya

32
Q

66 mya this event marks the end of the mesozoic

A

KT extinction

33
Q

KT boundary is rich in this element indicating an asteroid

A

iridium

34
Q

Pleistocene begins with continental glaciation starting the quaternary period

A

2:6 mya

35
Q

mup of largest known glaciers 18,000 ybp causing a rapid 400 ft rise in sea level upon melting

A

glacial max

36
Q

Pleistocene ends win a full meltdown starting the holocene

A

10,000 ybp

37
Q

age of rocks on Ship campus

A

ordovician ,490 myo

38
Q

number of naturally occuring elements

A

88

39
Q

% of the earth’s crust made of the most abundant 8 elements

A

98.5 %

40
Q

most abundant 8 elements

A

oxygen silicon aluminum iron calcium sodium potassium magnesium

41
Q

Incredibly inert chemical formula that makes up quartz

A

silica siO2

42
Q

chemical formula that makes up the earth’s crust

A

SiAl silica + Al

43
Q

mafic

A

Mg+ Fe

44
Q

makes up oceanic crust

A

sima silica + ma fic

45
Q

number of recognized minerals

A

5,500

46
Q

naturally occuring inorgan. solids with a definite chemical structure and a unique set of physical properties

A

Minerals

47
Q

most obvious and least Reliable physical property

A

color

48
Q

physical property refering to now light is reflected, metalic

A

luster

49
Q

measured by the mons scale where diamond is a 10 and talc is a 1

A

hardness

50
Q

physical property of the color of a Minerals powder

A

streak

51
Q

physical property of now light is transmitted through a mineral

A

Diaphaneity

52
Q

melting or crystallizing point range

A

800 - 1200 C

53
Q

most reliable and least obvious physical property bused on the number of visible geometric planes when a mineral breaks

A

Cleavage planes

54
Q

3 cleavage planes

A

cubic

55
Q

4 cleavage planes

A

pyramidal

56
Q

how a mineral grows

A

habit

57
Q

iron ore metalic gray with red streak I plane of cleavage that can’t be seen

A

hematite

58
Q

no cleavage, harder than glass

A

Quartz

59
Q

4 cleavage planes softer than glass

A

fluorite

60
Q

metalic silver with cubic Cleavage and high density

A

galena

61
Q

feldspar with strianons and irridesence

A

plagiocIase

62
Q

feldspar without strations

A

potassium

63
Q

olive green With no Cleavage planes, melts at 1200 c

A

Olivine

64
Q

one plane of cleavage sheet like and transparent

A

muscovite

65
Q

softer than a fingernail 0 Cleavage planes

A

Kaolinite

66
Q

fool’s gold metallic with 0 planes of Cleavage but Cube habit

A

pyrite

67
Q

rhombohedralCubik cleavage reacts with HCI

A

calcite

68
Q

Cubic Clearage greasy feeling transparent

A

halite

69
Q

60-120 cleavage on 2 planes

A

Hornblende

geology (3 decks)

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