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Social Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nonverbal communication

A

intentionally or unintentionally non verbal ways of communicating with others

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2
Q

factorial experiment design

A

research designs that have more than 1 independent variable

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3
Q

controlled cognition

A

careful and deliberate information processing

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4
Q

decoding

A

interpret the meaning of non verbal behavior

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5
Q

heuristics

A

simple cognitive strategies for complex decisions very rapidly

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6
Q

automatic cognition

A

information processing skewed by past experience. done without thought

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7
Q

spotlight effect

A

believe that others are paying more attention to you and your behaviors than they actually are

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8
Q

base-rate info

A

actual frequency of something within the population

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9
Q

assimiliation

A

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world

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10
Q

2 factor theory of emotion

A

emotions result from 1st physiological arousal and then 2nd a label that goes with it

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11
Q

social comparison theory

A

we can learn about ourselves through comparisons with others
ex) comparing test scores to make self feel better

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12
Q

experimental method

A

researcher is manipulating independent variable while keeping others constant

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13
Q

social cognition

A

how people think about themselves and the world around them. How ppl select, interpret, and remember social information

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14
Q

false consensus effect

A

tendency to assume that others behave or think as we do more than is actually true
ex) believing that all people think that saving the environment is important because you feel that way

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15
Q

display rules

A

culturally determined rule about which nonverbal behavior is appropriate to display

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16
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation
ex) thinking you will fail a test and then failing it

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17
Q

fixed mindset

A

ppl think they are have a finite capacity and that they cannot learn or do what they dont already know

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18
Q

belief perseverance

A

we stick with initial assumption even with of new info that should make us reconsider

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19
Q

framing

A

the bias to be systematically affected by the way in which info is presented while holding the objective info constant
ex) A salesperson promoting a product would much rather claim ‘85% of customers were satisfied with the product’ than admit ‘15% of customers were dissatisfied’

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20
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate the extent to which behavior stems from innate persoanlity factors and underestimate the extent that behavior stems from situational factors

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21
Q

representative heuristic

A

classify something according to how similar it is to a stereotypical case
ex) thinking that because someone is wearing a suit and tie and carrying a briefcase, that they must be a lawyer, because they look like the stereotype of a lawyer

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22
Q

intristic motivation

A

desire to engage in behavior becuz we find it interesting

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23
Q

attribution theory

A

how we infer about the causes of other ppl’s behavior

24
Q

confounds

A

any 3rd variable that systematically co-varies with independent variable

25
Q

internal attribution

A

believe behavior stems from personal characteristics

26
Q

holistic thinking

A

people are focused on the overall product and how objects relate to each other

27
Q

random assignment

A

determining which level of independent variable participants are assigned to, must be random

28
Q

availability heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision
ex) people afraid of planes because of plane crashes but will get in a car every day

29
Q

bias blind spot

A

believe others are most susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than you are

30
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

mentally change some aspects of the past. ex) had i not stalled for 10 min, i wouldnt have missed my flight

31
Q

reasons-generated attitude change

A

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes

32
Q

external attribution

A

believe behavior stems from situation

33
Q

perceptual salience

A

the information that captures the attention of the individual from a given situation or stimulus
ex)a flash of light in the dark, a single cloud in the blue sky, or a solitary red apple on a green-leaved tree.

34
Q

extrinistic motivation

A

desire to do something due to external rewards or pressures

35
Q

correlational method

A

passively observing relationship between 2 or more quantitiative variables

36
Q

self awareness theory

A

process where ppl look inward and examine their own thoughts, motives, and feelings

37
Q

social-cognitive approach

A

tries to understand social thought and behavior from an individualistic perspective that considers the way information about social events is processed, stored, and used

38
Q

self reference effect

A

when info is related to the self, we remember it quickly and better

39
Q

belief in a just world

A

defensive attribution, bad things happen to bad people, good things happen to good people

40
Q

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

A

use a number or value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently from this anchor

41
Q

primacy effects

A

info presented early in a sequence has more power than info presented late

42
Q

actor-observer difference

A

making interal attributions for other;s behavior but making external attributions for own behavior
ex) I trip, i blame it on surface, I see someone else trip, I blame it on their clumsiness

43
Q

schemas

A

inferred knowledge structures that organize beliefs about a specific topic

44
Q

self-serving attributions

A

make internal atts for our successes but external atts for our failures
ex) A student gets a good grade on a test and tells herself that she studied hard or is good at the material. She gets a bad grade on another test and says the teacher doesn’t like her or the test was unfair.

45
Q

observational method

A

making systematic observation and measurements of behavior

46
Q

priming

A

recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

47
Q

illusion of transparency

A

our concealed emotions leak out and are noticed by others

48
Q

affect blends

A

one part of face is 1 emotion while the other part is another emotion

49
Q

informed consent

A

telling ppl everything that will happen to them to see if they want to opt in

50
Q

bem’s self perception theory

A

when our attitudes about something are ambiguous or weak, we infer our states by observing our own behavior
ex) am i smiling cuz im happy or am i happy cuz im similing

51
Q

analytic thinking

A

ppl focus on properties of an object without considering their surrounding context (common in western cultures)

52
Q

consensus info

A

the extent to which other people behave in the same way in a similar situation. E.g., Alison smokes a cigarette when she goes out for a meal with her friend. If her friend smokes, her behavior is high in consensus.

53
Q

reciprocal process

A

construals of situation influence situation and reflect self perception
a social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions.

54
Q

growth mindset

A

qualities are maleable and can grow over time

55
Q

self-esteem approach

A

way we protect our self-esteem and see ourselves in a positive way. may distort social world

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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