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NeuroBio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuron doctrine and who proposed it?

A

Cajal stated that there is a gap between neurons with no continuity between neurons. Early proposal of chemical synapses as opposed to Golgi who proposed a linkage between neurons (electrical synapses).

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2
Q

Function of Astrocytes:

A

Maintains an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling.

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3
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes:

A

Lays down in myelin around some CNS axons (Schwwan cells do this in the PNS)

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4
Q

Function of Microglial cells

A

Removes myelin and cellular debris

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5
Q

Function of Glial stem cells

A

Retain capacity to proliferate and generate additional precursors or differentiated glial and sometimes neurons; acts to replace Astrocytes or Oligodendrocytes.

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6
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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7
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Everything other than brain and spinal cord.

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8
Q

How do you calculate equilibrium potential using the Nernst equation?

A

EX= 59/z log(Xout/Xin)

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9
Q

What is the Nernst equation useful for?

A

Nernst equation is useful for showing the relationship of the equilibrium potential to the concentration gradient (permeability to one ion)

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10
Q

What is the Goldman equation useful for?

A

Goldman equation shows equilibrium potential when the membrane is permeable to several different ions.

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11
Q

What are the different types of neuronal electrical signals and what are the differences among them?

A

Receptor potential: due to the activation of sensory receptor neurons by external stimuli. Na+ channels open, depolarize, and cause action potentials.

Synaptic Potentials: due to the activation of synapses, at post synaptic receptors, by neurotransmitters binding to them.

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12
Q

What is the relationship of the stimulus intensity to the amplitude and frequency of an action potential?

A

Higher Amp = Bigger AP

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13
Q

Understand how to use the voltage clamp method to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons to the desired membrane potential

A

Technique allows u to control mem potential and simultaneously measure the permeability changes

Voltage clamp: Controls or clamps mem potential at any desired level; what this means is that we can measure the membrane conductance or permeability of ions.

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14
Q

Ions responsible for early inward? Outward?

A

Na+, K+

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15
Q

What happens to the early current when the membrane potential is at +52mV

A

No current flows at +52mV (achieved equilibrium potential)
Inward to outward or outward to inward (early current reverses).

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16
Q

What causes a refractory period?

A

Slow time course of turning off the K+ conductance and the persistence of Na+ conductance inactivation. `

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17
Q

Structural and Functional properties of myelin?

A

Helps insulate the axon to increase passive current flow.

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18
Q

How does myelination increase conduction velocity (time required for electrical information to travel from one end of a neuron to another)

A

Insulation of axonal membrane to increase passive current flow and saltatory conduction.

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18
Q

Define microscopic currents:

A

Currents that flow through a single channel.

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18
Q

Define macroscopic currents:

A

currents that flow through a large number of channels.

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18
Q

Nodes of Ranvier:

A

Non-myelinated parts of the axon- allows for AP’s to be made and increase speed of the signal.

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19
Q

What is a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

An ionotropic receptor; transmembrane ion-channel protein that allows ions (Na, K, Ca2+, Cl-) to pass through when a neurotransmitter binds to that protein.

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20
Q

Which channels are the largest and most diverse class of voltage-gated ion channels?

A

K+ channels

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21
Q

Which structural features of voltage-gated channels account for ion selectivity?

A

Selectivity pore: pore loops that create a pore too large or small for ions to be stabilized.

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22
Q

Which structural features of voltage-gated channels account for voltage sensitivity?

A

Voltage sensitivity: voltage sensor (For Na+ and Ca+ its made up of one protein, but K+ is made up of multiple subunits, typically 4)

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23
Q

Which structural features of voltage-gated channels account for ion conductance?

A

Ion channel pores that are formed by transmembrane pore helices, pore loops in between pore helices, a water-filled cavity, selectivity filter (ion selectivity), and charged voltage sensors.

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24
Q

Secondary Active Transport:

A

active transport by concentration of ions via primary active transport

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25
Q

Sodium potassium pump:

A

Primary active transport, uses ATP, antiport.

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26
Q

Structural and functional properties of electrical synapses?

A

Electrical

Linked by a gap junction

Bidirectional and extraordinarily fast without delay

  1. Synchronize electrical activity among neurons
  2. Coordinate intracellular signaling of coupled cells
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27
Q

Structural and functional properties of chemical synapses?

A

Slow and unidirectional (from pre to post)

Majority of neuronal connections and mediate most synaptic transmission in the nervous system

Diffusion of NT’s.

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28
Q

The sequence of events involved in signal transmission at chemical Synapses

A

action potential invades the presynaptic axonal terminal

depolarization of mem potential leads to opening of vg calcium channels

influx of ca2+ allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic mem

Its released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis

Nts bind to receptors in postsynaptic mem causing Chanels to open or close

Nts- induced postsynaptic current increases or decreases the probability that the postsynaptic cells will fire an action potential ( the excitability)

removal of Nts by diffusion, recycle, glial uptake or enzymatic degradation

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29
Q

What are EPP and MEPP?

A

EPP: a transient depolarization of the postsynaptic muscle fiber elicited by an action potential from the presynaptic motor neuron

MEPP: spontaneous changes in muscle cell mem potential without stimulation from the presynaptic motor neuron

EPP responses occur in units about the size of single MEPPs

EPPs : made of individual units each equivalent to a MEPP

MEPPs can be obtained by looking at the difference between the EPPs.

30
Q

Understand how neurons use summation of EPSPs and IPSPs to determine their behaviors?

A

The summation of EPSPs and IPSPs will either bring the potential above the threshold to initiate an action potential or won’t. This is characteristic of the all or none response of action potentials.

31
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Ionotropic + Metabotropic receptors

32
Q

Structural + Functional properties of ionotropic receptors

A

combine transmitter binding and channel functions into a single molecular entity

*FAST

Requires NT’s to bind to be used.

33
Q

Structural + Functional properties of metabotropic receptors

A

movement of ions through a channel depends on interfering metabolic steps, no channel as part of the structure and indirectly affects channels through activation of G protein

*SLOWER

34
Q

Understand how to use the relationship between the reversal potential and membrane potential to determine the direction of the PSC and the polarity of PSP

A

Postsynaptic current: currents generated from opening of ion channels by transmitter binding to postsynaptic receptors in chemical synapses.

Postsynaptic potential: changes of the postsynaptic membrane potential due to PSC in chemical synapses.

Vm = postsynaptic potential, Erev = reversal potential/equilibrium potential.

Inward: Vm < Erev

Outward: Vm > Erev

Zero: Vm = Erev

Always trying to reach Erev, so if your Vm is greater than Erev than it will be outward (Ex. Erev = -50mv, Vm = -40, trying to reach Erev so potential will need to become more negative in order to reach electrochemical equilibrium.

35
Q

Your membrane potential is at -40mv with an electrical reversal potential (equilibrium potential) at -20mv. What is the direction of the curve?

A

Inward (need to move positively, so depolarization)

36
Q

What is the structural difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

A

Ionotropic: ligand gated ion channels- needs NTs to bind to open for ions to go through.

Metabotropic receptors: GCPRS- secondary messengers-lasts longer but its slower.

37
Q

Glutamate: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Reuptake

38
Q

GABA: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Reuptake

39
Q

DOPAMINE: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Reuptake

40
Q

Serotonin: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Reuptake

41
Q

ACh: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Enzymatic digestion

42
Q

Substance p: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Enzymatic digestion

43
Q

Opioid peptides: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Enzymatic digestion

44
Q

Adrenocorticotropin: Reuptake or Enzymatic digestion?

A

Enzymatic digestion

45
Q

Nicotinic ACh: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Ionotropic

46
Q

NMDA: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Ionotropic

47
Q

AMPAR: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Ionotropic

48
Q

P2X Purinergic receptor: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Ionotropic

49
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptor: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Metaboltropic

50
Q

Dopamine receptor: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Metabotropic

51
Q

Peptide transmitter receptor: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Metabotropic

52
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptor: Ionotropic or Metabotropic (NT’s at which receptor).

A

Metabotropic

53
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A

damage or death of neurons caused by excessive release of glutamate + excessive stimulation of the glutamate receptors

54
Q

What is the glutamate-glutamine cycle?

A

the cycle of glutamate synthesis from glutamine and glutamate removal between glial cells and presynaptic terminals

-functions: to main an adequate supply of glutamate for synaptic transmission and to terminate postsynaptic glutamate action

55
Q

Structural + Functional properties of AMPA receptors:

A

function: primary mediators of excitatory transmission in the brain

structural properties: protein complex of 4 subunits

56
Q

Structural + Functional properties of NMDAR receptors:

A

function: use ca2+ as a second messenger to activate intracellular signaling cascades mediate some forms of synaptic info storage

structural properties: voltage dependent block of the channel pore by Mg2+: Mg 2+ blocks the NMDAR pore at the hyperpolarization while postsynaptic depolarization pushed Mg2+ out of the pore opening of NMDARs require co-presence of glutamate and postsynaptic depolarization**

57
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

58
Q

What are catecholamine transmitters?

A

dopamine, NE, EPI, 5HT, His

59
Q

Understand four different forms of short-term plasticity and their time scales

A

facilitation < augmentation = depression < Potentiation

60
Q

What did we learn from the behavioral plasticity of Aplysia?

A

Habituation and sensitization

61
Q

Define habituation:

A

Progressively with increasing trials, the Aplysia responded less and less to the siphon to the point until it no longer withdrew (Habituation).

62
Q

Define sensitization:

A

showing that other stimuli can elicit the same response as the siphon. This sensitization can cause the Aplysia to withdrawal for numerous days when shocked numerous times, displaying long term memory. This long term results in increased gene expression and protein synthesis due to the PKA phosphorylating CREB transcriptional activators and stimulating the synthesis of other proteins.

63
Q

Understand LTP

A

LTP: a long‐lasting increase (strengthening) of synaptic strength induced by a brief (few seconds) continue high‐frequency patterned stimulus, lasting hours or days. This helps to encode new information and increase AMPA receptors at the cell surface by membrane fusion-dependent.

64
Q

Understand LTD

A

LTD: is long‐lasting decrease (weakening) of synaptic strength induced by a longer (10‐15 minutes) continue low‐frequency patterned stimulus, lasting hours or days. This weakens the synapses to make constructive use of synaptic strengthening caused by LTP. This decreases AMPA receptors at the cell surface by internalization of the receptors.

65
Q

If the magnesium cant be expelled from the cell, what will happen?

A

You won’t have LTP at all.

66
Q

Function and definition of LTP (how do induce it in the experiment setup)

A

-helps encode new information
-Brief, fast high frequencies.

67
Q

The concentration of Ca2+ activates ___ in LTP and ___ in LTD

A

Kinases, phosphatases

68
Q

What is similar between Hippo and cere LTD?

A

They both cause the internalization of AMPAR

69
Q

What is the difference between the hippocampal LTD and cerebellar LTD?

A

Different coincidence detector (NMDAR in Hippo and Activation of PF and CF synapses in Cere)

Cere LTD uses kinases and hippocampal Ltd uses phosphates.

70
Q

How are LTP and LTD induced?

A

Induced by brief high frequencies (LTP) and longer low frequencies (LTD)

71
Q

What do we learn from the sea slug?

A

Gene expression and protein synthesis.

72
Q

Which are the following three conditions to generate LTD in the hippocampus?

A

Long duration of long frequency signals
PF/CF activating at the same time.
Post before pre (40ms)

73
Q

ALL ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS NEEEDDDDD

A

ATP!!!!!!

74
Q

AMPA DOES NOT HAVE MG BLOCKAGE.

A
75
Q

AMPA and NMDA need to depolarize at the same time (T/F)

A

False

76
Q

Structure inside CNS:

A

Motor neurons stay in CNS. Cell body in PNS

NeuroBio (15 decks)

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