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Arrchaelogy 325 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where was Mesopotamia located?

A

An alluvial plain between Tigris and the Euphrates rivers

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2
Q

What is significant about the Fertile Crescent?

A

It is the first region where farming emerged

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3
Q

What kind of domesticates were grown on the Fertile Crescent?

A

Wheat, barley, lentils, dates etc.

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4
Q

Between the Northern and Southern plains of Greater Mesopotamia, which one required irrigation? And why?

A

The SOuthern plains required irrigation as the religion received very little rainfall

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5
Q

What is alluvium and used for?

A

A collection of rich silts and clay used to fertilize crops

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6
Q

Who came up with the Hydraulic state model?

A

Wittfogel and Steward

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7
Q

What is the Hydraulic State?

A

Irrigation led to the development of Mesopotamian city states by people willingly submitting themselves to a central authority

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8
Q

What is the Chalcolithic?

A

The Bronze Age

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9
Q

What are the four periods or phases of development?

A

Halas, Hassan, Samaria, and Ubaid

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10
Q

What are some traits of the Halafian phase?

A

Painted pottery and art, mud brick tholoi (Key-shaped) architecture, rain-fed agriculture

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11
Q

Notable events of the Hassan’s phase?

A

First farmers of the Northern plain. Moved from mountains to foothills, then to Mesopotamian river plains, utilized some irrigation

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12
Q

Notable events of the Samaria phase?

A

Chocolate Miami site had the earliest evidence of irrigation, and the Tell sea-Sawwan was a multi room Kubrick budiling with fortified walls — suspected to have been used for grain storage and rich burials

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13
Q

What was special about the Ubaid period?

A

Laid the foundation for Mesopotamian civilization, beginning of temple institution and expansion of agriculture and irrigation technologies

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14
Q

Where was the earliest village located? What was it called?

A

Tell el’Oueili in the southern plain

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15
Q

Which Phase does Ubaid 0 overlap?

A

Samaria phase

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16
Q

What was the first settlement according to the Sumerian creation story?

A

Eridu

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17
Q

What occurred during Ubaid 1?

A

Rapid development of urbanization, irrigation and plough farming + Sailing

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18
Q

Did Ubaid 1 settlements have walls?

A

No

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19
Q

Where did Ubaid culture spread?

A

From Eridu to the Northern plain, around the Persian gold to Oman

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20
Q

What was notable about Oman?

A

Known as a copper source

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21
Q

Who was Eirdu’s patron god?

A

Ea (Enki)

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22
Q

What was the focus of Ebaid society?

A

Temples and Religion

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23
Q

Why was the temple so important to Ubaid society?

A

Houses patron gods, organized and allocated water and trade, landholders and employers

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24
Q

What period came after Ubaid?

A

Uruk

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25
Q

Why was Uruk known as the first true city?

A

It had social hierarchies, specialized occupations, political structures, writing etc

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26
Q

Where was the earliest evidence for cuneiform writing found?

A

At Eanna precinct

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27
Q

Who was the white temple dedicated to?

A

Anu (God of the sky), temples was built on a ziggurat

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28
Q

Why were temples built so big?

A

Visible over long distances, possibly representing mountains or stairs dedicated to gods, where deities lived

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29
Q

What new authority arrived with the Uruk period?

A

Secular rulers

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30
Q

What was the relationship between priests and secular rulers?

A

Priests kept secular rulers in check

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31
Q

What other authorities appeared in Uruk?

A

Local kin groups (clans). Clan leaders also sold and bought land

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32
Q

What is the significance of Abu Salabikh?

A

Showed that people lived in extended family units

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33
Q

What was the difference between Ubaid and Uruk cities?

A

Uruk period cities are surrounded by walls, demonstrating their wealth in comparison to Ubaid

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34
Q

What were some Uruk Innovations?

A

The potter’s wheel and utilitarian wares

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35
Q

How was taxes paid in Uruk?

A

By labour

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36
Q

What was cuneiform originally used for?

A

Economic documentation and for trade

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37
Q

How did writing evolve?

A

Stage 1: Tokens
Stage 2: Bullae
Stage 3: Tablets

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38
Q

What were cylinder seals used for?

A

Much like modern day credit cards, seals were used to witness trade transactions

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39
Q

What was the role of kings in Mesopotamian society?

A

Mediated between deities and people

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40
Q

What are some factors which caused the end of the Uruk period?

A

Abandonment

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41
Q

When was writing used beyond economic administration?

A

The early dynastic period of Sumerian civilization

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42
Q

What was the nature of Sumerian civilization?

A

Multi-ethnic with different languages, all groups shared a common culture, writing system and gods

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43
Q

Were temples still important in Sumer?

A

Yes

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44
Q

Why was Nippur so important to Sumerians?

A

The most important religious centre, essential for political control as it was home to Enlil (God of gods)

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45
Q

What were the two largest industries in Sumer?

A

Agriculture and textiles (Agricultural settlements were founded by the state)

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46
Q

What did the Bronze Age introduce?

A

Metallurgy, bronze tools (more durable), improved agriculture and warfare

47
Q

What is the King’s list?

A

SHows the concept of unified kingships: one city ruling over other cities in a hierarchy (Power constantly shifted)

48
Q

What was the great flood?

A

Sumerian version of Noah’s arc

49
Q

How did old kingdom kings portray themselves as?

A

Claimed that they were god-kings, sons of Ra-Horakhty

50
Q

Who built the first pyramids? (and Vizier)

A

Pharaoh Djoser and Imhotep

51
Q

Who built the first true pyramid? (Red pyramid)

A

Sneferu

52
Q

What did Sneferu’s pyramid symbolize?

A

The rays of the sun, and the mound Ra stood on

53
Q

Who built the Great pyramid of Giza?

A

Khufu

54
Q

Who built the sphinx, and the smaller pyramid?

A

Khafre, and Menkaure

55
Q

Who worked on the pyramids?

A

5000 full-time workers, and 20,000 temporary workers

56
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

The period between kingdoms

57
Q

What was said to have caused the downfall of the old kingdom?

A

Weak rulers, widespread drought, Pepi II

58
Q

What is pyramid text and where was it first seen?

A

In Unas (1st intermediate) – it was the earliest form of religious text used to guide kings to the afterlife

59
Q

What marked the beginning of the middle kingdom?

A

Mentuhotep II reuniting upper and lower Egypt

60
Q

Why was the middle period called the classical age?

A

It was economically stable which led to the production of literature and fine arts

61
Q

What change to religion occurred in the middle kingdom?

A

Democratization of religious practices

62
Q

In the middle kingdom, what was Amun-Ra seen as?

A

Mire approachable and as a shepherd to the people

63
Q

Where did Mentuhotep II move the capital of Egypt?

A

Thebes

64
Q

What occurred when religion was democratized?

A

Everyone had a shot at the afterlife, resulting is mass production of funerary goods

65
Q

Who was the god and judge of the dead?

A

Osiris

66
Q

Which group rose to power during the second intermediate?

A

The Hyksos

67
Q

What caused the decline of the middle period?

A

It is unknown

68
Q

What marked the second intermediate?

A

The rise of the Hyksos in lower, and the Theban rulers in upper Egypt

69
Q

Where was the Hyksos capital located?

A

Avaris

70
Q

What did Hyksos do to Egyptian culture?

A

Followed and took on the traditions of pharaohs

71
Q

What improvements did the Hyksos bring?

A

Bronze age technology, improved weaponry, horse-drawn chariots

72
Q

What was the new kingdom?

A

A period of imperial period

73
Q

Who drove the Hyksos back to Syria?

A

Kamose, and his son Ahmose I

74
Q

What was Ahmose I known for?

A

Founds the 18th century, is a skilled general who turns Egypt into and empire

75
Q

What modern day countries did Ahmose I expand to?

A

Parts of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Nubia

76
Q

What were the status of kings in the new kingdom?

A

Quasi-divine, intermediaries between people and the divine

77
Q

What was the Estate of Amun

A

The home of Ra in Thebes

78
Q

Which pharaoh was the first to be buried in the Valley of Kings?

A

Amenhotep

79
Q

What was Akhenaten known for?

A

Marrying Nefertiti, dismantling the old gods and replacing them with the cult of Aten Aten, declared himself and his queen to be gods

80
Q

Which pharaoh tried to restore Egypt to its former glory?

A

Ramesses the great

81
Q
A
82
Q

What was the village of Deir-el-Medina known for?

A

Generations and community of artisans living within a community

83
Q

How did Hatshepsut solidify her authority?

A

Presented herself in royal regalia often depicting herself as a man, replacing officials with those she truste d

84
Q

Who succeeded Hatshepsut?

A

Thutmose III

85
Q

What was Thutmose III known for?

A

He was the Napoleon of ancient Egypt

86
Q

What kind of state was ancient Egypt?

A

A territorial state, the first state of its size

87
Q

What are Kemet and Deshret?

A

The black (Fertile) and red (Dessert) land

88
Q

What occurred during pre-dynastic Egypt?

A

Simple farming based on cattle an cereal farming develops around the Nile

89
Q

Where did the Maadian culture appear?

A

In Lower pre-dynastic Egypt

90
Q

What was the earliest Upper Egypt society?

A

The Badarian culture

91
Q

Where was the earliest evidence for mummification found?

A

4300 BC (Pre-dynastic Upper egypt)

92
Q

What were the Badarian known for?

A

Their burials

93
Q

What is faience?

A

Crushed quartz mixed with other compounds to create gems which produce a blue, green colour

94
Q

What was the purpose of Egyptian faience?

A

The reflection of pieces was considered as the light of immortality

95
Q

What was Nekhen known for?

A

The cradle of Egyptian Kingship

96
Q

What was the city of the Falcon deity?

A

Early form of Horus (Nekhen), and earliest known temple in Egypt

97
Q

Why were animals considered powerful in ancient Egypt?

A

Gods often took the form of animals

98
Q

What was the purpose of animal sacrifices?

A

To symbolize the ruler’s control over nature

99
Q

What was significant about the Nekhen tomb?

A

It was the first mud-brick tomb with painted walls

100
Q

When was the earliest form of hieroglyphics found?

A

The tomb of King scorpion

101
Q

What was King Narmer (Menes) known for?

A

The unification of upper and lower Egypt

102
Q

What was the role of kings in ancient Egypt?

A

Responsible for mediating the forces between order and chaos (Ma’at vs Isfet)

103
Q

What happened to kings after they passed?

A

They returned to the creator god after death

104
Q

Where were dynastic kings buried?

A

Abydos

105
Q

When did human sacrifices occur?

A

The early dynastic period

106
Q

What were the purpose of kings creating cult centres?

A

To link themselves to local deities

107
Q

Which deities did kings link themselves to?

A

Horus and Ra

108
Q

What is Ba and Ka?

A

Ba (The spirit) and Ka (Nourishment life force)

109
Q

What happened to mummification in early dynastic period?

A

Grew complex (Removal of organs, drive salt bodies)

110
Q

What did political organization look like during the dynastic period?

A

States were divided into nomes

111
Q

What was the capital of the Early Dynasty?

A

Memphis

112
Q

What are the two Egyptian scripts?

A

Hieroglyphics (Sacred writing) and Hieratic (Everyday script)

113
Q

Who deciphered Egyptian script? What was used?

A

Champollion using the Rosetta Stone

114
Q

What is the difference city states and territorial states?

A

City states were hubs of people with different status, while territorial states were political centres where the elite and specialists live

Arrchaelogy 325 (3 decks)

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