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Lifespan > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define life span development

A

field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

history graded developmental influence

A

perceptions of attack, covid 19 and 9/11 are examples

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3
Q

age graded developmental influences

A

influences of people of the same age group - like acne or menopause

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4
Q

sociocultural graded developmental influences

A

ethnicity, social class, where you live, how the environment shapes you

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5
Q

non normative developmental influences

A

traumatic events, illnesses, widow, non typical events that affect a particular person

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6
Q

continuous vs discontinuous changes

A

continuous: gradual, achievements build up on each other, developmental processes remain the same over lifespan
discontinuous: distinct steps or stages, behaviors are different at different stages, developmental processes remain the same over lifespan

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7
Q

critical periods

A

certain environmental stimuli are necessary for normal development
early periods of development

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8
Q

sensitive periods

A

people are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible
more forgiving

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9
Q

nature

A

genetic factors
emphasis is on discovering inherited genetic traits and abilities

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10
Q

nurture

A

environmental factors
emphasis is on environmental influences that affect a person’s development

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11
Q

nature vs nurture interaction

A

an adopted child can have schizophrenic biological parents but it will develop that gene depending on the household he/she grows in

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12
Q

correlational study

A

examines relationship btwn 2 or more variables
no causality - not happening because of each other

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13
Q

problems with directionality in correlational studies

A

when you study how variables relate to each other you don’t know which drive which
ex. low iq causes meltdowns and spanking or spanking causes low iq

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14
Q

problems with third variables in correlational studies

A

outside variables you didn’t measure that might explain thing you did measure
ex. socioeconomic status; parents who spank when looking at a socioeconomic status of the IQ of the parent

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15
Q

experimental studies

A

random assignment of independent variable and high levels of experimental control
not naturalistic, hard to control for everything, not always ethical

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16
Q

random assignment

A

use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as experimental or treatment group

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17
Q

high experimental control

A

used in scientific experiments to prevent factors other than those being studied from affecting the outcome. controls are needed to eliminate alternate explanations - doing so takes time and is hard

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18
Q

cons of experimental studies

A

highly prone to human error
time consuming
expensive
personal bias of researcher
ethical implications
artificial results

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19
Q

field study vs lab study

A

field: real life settings, less control but more comfort for participant, correlational studies/experiments
lab: constant, causality easier to establish, difficult, costly, participant is less comfortable

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20
Q

longitudinal studies

A

measuring individual change over time, significant, costly, takes time
collecting data over time with single set of individuals

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21
Q

cross sectional studies

A

measuring people of diff ages at the same point in time, faster and economical
ex. 20 five year olds compared to 20 three year olds and 20 four year olds
difference in development of diff age groups

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22
Q

sequential studies

A

mixture of longitudinal and cross sectional studies
examine diff age group at diff points in time allowing to see age related changes
fast
ex. 20 diff five year olds compared to 20 three year olds and 20 four year olds over time

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23
Q

performationism

A

popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves instead of assembly from parts, performationists believed that the form of living things exists, in real terms, prior to their development

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24
Q

who rejected preformationism

A

aristotle by cutting open fertilized chicken egg, introduced epigenesis

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25
Q

epigenesis

A

idea that embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell

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26
Q

gametes for male

A

sperm = 23 chromosomes

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27
Q

gametes for female

A

sperm = 23 chromosomes

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28
Q

zygote

A

ovum and sperm fuse together = 46 chromosomes

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29
Q

genes and chromosomes

A

roughly 25,000 genes consisting of DNA are stored in specific locations and orders along 46 chromosomes

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30
Q

monozygotic

A

identical twins
1 in 285
cluster of cell in ovum split post fertilization

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31
Q

monochorionic

A

same placenta
blood supply connected
very lethal

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32
Q

diamniotic

A

diff placenta

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33
Q

dizygotic

A

1 in 86
2 eggs 2 diff sperm
fraternal twins
separate amniotic sac

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34
Q

trizygotic

A

15 in 1000 births

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35
Q

what causes multiple births

A

fertility drugs, older age, racial differences

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36
Q

monoamniotic

A

60-70% survival rate
2 umbilical cords with no barrier: lack of oxygen

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37
Q

how is sex determined

A

females: XX
males: XY
ovum and sperm meet

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38
Q

which sperm determines sex

A

fathers sperm

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39
Q

genotype

A

underlying combination of genetic material present

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40
Q

heterozygous

A

inheriting dif forms of a gene for a given trait
if your pair of genes for a trait consists of 2 different forms of genes then you are heterozgous for that trait

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41
Q

homozygous

A

inheriting similar genes for a given trait
if your pair of genes consist of the same form of gene you are homozygous for that trait

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42
Q

phenotype

A

observable trait, depends on whether alleles consist of dominant and/or recessive traits

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43
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21
extra chromosome on 21st pair
higher risk if older or younger than average mom 35/20

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44
Q

fragile x syndrome

A

injured gene of x chromosome

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45
Q

fragile x includes

A

mental disabilities, long narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, delayed speech, hyperactivity, seizures
more common in males

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46
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

blood disorder causes RBCs distort into sickle shape and blocks blood flow and causes pain

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47
Q

sickle cell includes

A

stunted growth
poor appetite
swollen stomach
yellow eyes
rarely lives past childhood
starts at 5-6 months
pain attack
swollen feet/hands

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48
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

rare inherited that destroys nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
recessive genetic disorder

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49
Q

tay sachs includes

A

both parents are carriers
mutated copy of genes from each parents
likely to die before school age
muscle degeneration
prevalent in jews

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50
Q

infantile tay sachs

A

inherent around 3-6 months of age with baby losing ability to turn over sit and crawl
inability to move
seizures

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51
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome
genetically male but underdeveloped genitals, height, and breasts
1/500
poor muscle tone
low IQ

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52
Q

multifactorial transmission

A

most traits are a product of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors
ex. shyness: parents encourage to interact and help make someone less shy

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53
Q

adoption/twin/family studies used to show how much a skill or behavior stems from a person’s genetics

A

intelligence: correlation higher in identical than fraternal (more genetically based trait)
correlation by non related children that grew up in same home (environmental impacts)
strongest correlation: closely genetically related

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54
Q

which of the big five personality traits are linked to genetic factors?

A

neuroticism

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55
Q

what psychological disorders seem to have common genetic influences

A

autism, major depressive disorders, alcoholism, ADHD, schizophrenia

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56
Q

neuroticism

A

degree of emotional stability a person shows
higher risk for mood disorders, substance disorders

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57
Q

extroversion

A

how much that person seeks to be with others
both are shown to be highly genetic

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58
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and ovum join to form zygote

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59
Q

lifespan of ovum

A

400,000 immature created at birth
dont mature until puberty
ovulate every 28 days

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60
Q

lifespan of sperm

A

3 month development
short
several hundred produced every day
300,000,000 are ejaculated at once
produced from puberty through lifespan

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61
Q

germinal

A

fertilization to 2 weeks
fertilized egg becomes blastocyst which travels to and implants in the uterus
creation of the placenta
shortest stage

62
Q

function of placenta

A

provides nourishment and oxygen to fetus
removes waste materials from the child
umbilical cord connects fetus to mom
delivers antibodies to fetus

63
Q

placenta previa

A

occurs when baby’s placenta partially or totally covers the mother’s cervix - outlet for uterus

64
Q

why is the placenta previa dangerous

A

can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery. you might bleed throughout pregnancy and during delivery

65
Q

embryonic stage

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks
organism firmly secures to uterus and called embryo
development of major organs and basic anatomy
yolk sac
nervous system function

66
Q

ectoderm of embryonic stage

A

forms the skin, hair, teeth, sensory organs, brain, spinal cord

67
Q

mesoderm of embryonic stage

A

forms muscles, bones, circulatory system, blood

68
Q

endoderm of embryonic stage

A

innermost, digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

69
Q

fetal stage

A

8 weeks to birth
starts when differentiation of major organs has occurred
organism is now a fetus
organs become more differentiated and begin working
brain becomes more sophisticated

70
Q

movements of fetus

A

kicking, somersaults, crying, hiccups, clench fist, open/close eyes, suck thumb, yawning, play with cord

71
Q

wakefulness of fetus

A

hear and feel vibrations cat in the hat, taste flavoring in amniotic fluids - they prefer stuff that tastes like what they had in womb

72
Q

infertility

A

12-18 months of trying to conceive

73
Q

what can cause infertility

A

age, substance abuse, STDs, stress, physical abnormalities

74
Q

what is IVF

A

in vitro: womens egg is removed from ovary through ultrasounds and halo needles and fertilized by mans sperm in petri dish and then implanted back into women
48% under age of 35
15 eggs are usually retrieved
6-10 days if successful
medicine prescribed

75
Q

miscarriage

A

spontaneous abortion before developing child reaches 20 weeks conception
after 20 weeks = stillbirth
about 15-20% of pregnancies
under age 35: 10% risk
over age 40: 45% risk

76
Q

removing miscarried baby

A

embryo is detached from uterus and is expelled with placenta

77
Q

causes of miscarragies

A

genetic abnormalities, hormonal problems (progesterone), infections, umbilical problems, maternal health problems (high BP)

78
Q

risk factors for miscarriages

A

having multiples, diseases, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, chlamydia, rubella, smoking, age, family history

79
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agent like drugs, chemicals, viruses

80
Q

timing of teratogen exposure

A

most effective during embryonic period (2-8 weeks)
dif organs are more vulnerable at dif times
brain: susceptible 15-20 days
heart: susceptible 20-49 days
sensory organs still susceptible in fetal stage

81
Q

living in poverty increase exposure to teratogens

A

poor healthcare, high exposure to pollution, not good access to good medical care –> more vulnerable to illness

82
Q

how can mother influence prenatal development

A

age, mom’s drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, and stress

83
Q

diet and vitamin intake

A

mother should consume high nutrients so there are fewer complications at birth

84
Q

age of mom

A

chromosomal abnormalities can increase over mothers age
mother over 30 - greater risk for low birth weight, premature birth, genetic disorders like down syndrome

85
Q

moms use of drugs

A

aspirin: fetal bleeding and growth impairments
synthetic estrogen: vaginal , cervical, or breast cancer in child
antidepressants: autism, ADHD
marijuana and cocaine: decrease blood flow and oxygen to fetus, fetal death, learning deficits

86
Q

moms alcohol use

A

FAS, FAE, disrupt development of fetus, delayed intelligence, facial deformities
tobacco: reduce oxygen content and increased co2 in blood, lowers breathing of fetus and increases heart beat

87
Q

stress of mom

A

higher level of cortisol the higher incidence of behavior problems at 4 years of age
cortisol at early development→ slower rate of development over 1 natal year and lower mental test around 12 month
cortisol later in development→ higher score on intelligent test 12 months, accelerated develop over 1st year

88
Q

fathers influence on prenatal development

A

age, tobacco and alcohol use, environmental toxins, treatment of mother

89
Q

purpose of contractions

A

force head of fetus against the cervix, which causes cervix dilation and effacement

90
Q

hormone released during contractions

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) which triggers release of oxytocin from mother’s pituitary gland, which stimulates contractions of uterus

91
Q

braxton hicks contractions

A

fake contractions conditioning body for real contractions

92
Q

labor stage 1

A

contractions
longest part - 11 to 19 hours from start of contractions to when cervix is dilated to 10 cm and getting thinner
ready to give birth
contractions of 30 secs every 8-10 mins during 8-12 hours
water breaking

93
Q

water breaking

A

amniotic sac ruptures after contractions start from pressure of them

94
Q

labor stage 2 pushing

A

begins once cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm and effaced until baby comes out
typically 90 mins
uterus contracts every 5 mins for 45-90 secs very strong

95
Q

episiotomy

A

incision made to increase size of opening of vagina to allow baby to pass
no longer recommended because controversy of its safety

96
Q

labor stage 3 clear out uterus

A

umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from mother
easiest
little to no pain
lasts minutes, 5-20 mins after baby comes out
assisted with dose of pitocin to mom

97
Q

benefits of skin to skin

A

encourages milk production
helps w latch
bonding
regulates newborn temps, heart rate, bp and helps physical growth
enhances parent-infant bonding for mom/dad
also good for fathers

98
Q

five things measured in apgar

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

99
Q

appearance

A

0 points = blue pale baby
1 pt = normal can see extremities
2 pts = normal overall rosy pink tone

100
Q

pulse

A

0 pts = absent
1 pt= below 100 bpm
2 pts = above 100 bpm

101
Q

grimace reflex availability

A

0 pts = no response
1 pt = grimace
2 pts = sneezes, coughs, pull away

102
Q

activity, muscle tone

A

0 pts = absent
1 pt = arms and legs fixated
2 pts = active movement

103
Q

respiration

A

0 pts = absent
1 pt = irregular, slow
2 pts = goody, crying

104
Q

total apgar score meanings

A

7-10 = normal
4-7 = might require measures
under 4 = resuscitation

105
Q

vernix

A

greasy cottage cheese
moisturize skin
helps with passing through birth canal
helps conserve heat
protect skin from environmental stress
antibacterial effect
help prepare fetus for outside world

106
Q

lanugo

A

fine dark fuzz
helps vernix
helps protect baby from amniotic fluids
pre term babies
16 weeks of gestation
shed before 7-8 months gestation
shed and replaced by pilus hair
consumed by fetus
puffy eyes
cone head: pushed for a long time

107
Q

risks and benefits of epidural for mom

A

reduces labor pain
slows labor sometimes
bp can drop
headache
leakage of spinal fluid that is fixed with blood patch

108
Q

risks and benefits of epidural for neonate

A

temporarily depresses flow of oxygen to fetus
less physiologically responsive
poor motor control during first days of birth
cry more
difficulty initiating breastfeeding

109
Q

low birth weight

A

less than 5.5 pounds

110
Q

very low birth weight

A

less than 2 1/4 pounds

111
Q

likelihood for negative outcomes for low birth weight

A

death
RDS

112
Q

pre term infants

A

less than 38 weeks post conception

113
Q

small for gestational age infants

A

less than 10th% for infants at same gestational age

114
Q

why are c sections performed

A

when fetal stress appears
position in birth canal (head is up and butt on cervix)
routine use of fetal monitor

115
Q

risks of c section

A

major surgery; long recovery; maternal infection
reduced stress-related hormones for neonate
could compromise initial breastfeeding latch and longer recovery

116
Q

stillbirth

A

delivery of a child who is not alive
1 out of 100 deliveries in US

117
Q

infant mortality

A

death within first year of life

118
Q

is maternal mortality rising in the us

A

rising; more american women are dying of pregnancy related complications than any other developed country - only country w rising stats bc other countries have more developed medical practices so less errors

119
Q

common causes of maternal mortality

A

hemorrhage, blood clots, infection, heart failure, preeclampsia and HELLP (break down of RBCs, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count

120
Q

what is preeclampsia

A

preg complication characterized by high bp and most often damages the liver and kidneys usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy

121
Q

incidence rate for postpartum depression

A

about 10% of new mothers and 1 in 500 for postpartum psychosis

122
Q

general symptoms of postpartum depression

A

enduring deep feeling of sadness and unhappiness

123
Q

consequences of postpartum depression on mother

A

mom displays little emotions, neutral face, act detached/withdrawn

124
Q

consequences of postpartum depression on infants

A

show fewer positive emotions; withdraw from contact not only with their mothers but with other adults

125
Q

how can newborns see

A

their vision is the least developed they attend to visual field highest in info and brightness

126
Q

size constancy

A

small image: far away, closer is going to get larger

127
Q

can newborns distinguish colors

A

black and white objects are appealing
cones develop so they start to see clearer
preference for blue and green

128
Q

how well can newborns hear

A

most developed
; clearly capable of hearing, but auditory acuity not completely mature
react and show familiarity to certain sounds
cant fully hear until 6 years old bc amniotic fluid takes long to drain
prefer moms voice

129
Q

classical conditioning

A

infant learns to respond in a particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not trigger that type of response
stop crying when picked up bc associated w being fed

130
Q

operant conditioning

A

voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its negative or positive consequences
smiling at baby they smile back

131
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs repeatedly
orienting response at onset of new stimulus
occurs in every sensory system and measured in dif ways

132
Q

how does speed of habituation predict later development

A

fast: have greater preference to look at new items = higher IQ

133
Q

what time period in the first 3 years of life do infants grow the most in terms of height and weight

A

rapid growth within first two years of life
5 months = 15 lbs
1 year = 22 lbs
end of 2 years = 33 lbs

134
Q

neurons

A

specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses

135
Q

dendrites

A

cluster of fibers that receive messages from other cells after opposite end neurons

136
Q

axons

A

long extension of neuron that sends messages for other neurons

137
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that communicate with other neurons by traveling across synapses

138
Q

synapses

A

junction between two nerve cells

139
Q

are there a lot of neuron/synapses at birth

A

few synapses at birth mostly created in first 2 years

140
Q

when are synapses primarily created

A

first two years of life

141
Q

apoptosis

A

elimination of neurons as a result of nonuse or lack of stimulation

142
Q

synaptic pruning

A

elimination of unused or underused neural connections which co occurs with apoptosis

143
Q

what is shaken baby syndrome

A

overshaking of baby

144
Q

consequences of sbs

A

brain rotation, blood vessels tear, leading to severe medical problems, bleeding in brain, bleeding behind eyes, brain swelling

145
Q

how long do newborns typically sleep

A

16-17 hours daily on average

146
Q

cultural influence on sleep

A

some cultures mothers sleep w their infants

147
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome causes are unknown

148
Q

risks for SIDS

A
149
Q

rooting reflex

A

3 weeks
fosters feeding, move toward head of which cheeks was brushed

150
Q

stepping reflex

A

2 months
movement of legs when held upright with feet touching floor

151
Q

swimming reflex

A

4-6 months
infant’s tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water

152
Q

moro reflex

A

6 months
activated when support for neck and head is suddenly removed. the arms are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something

Lifespan (2 decks)

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