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Into to Ethics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

An apology, in the classical sense, means

A

A defense of one’s position as being right

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2
Q

“Pleasure alone is intrinsically valued” is descriptive

A

True

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3
Q

Utilitarianism is the view that the right act is the one that provides the most pleasure for oneself

A

False

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4
Q

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist view, meaning that according to the utilitarianism, the consequences of an act are irrelevant to its moral value

A

False

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5
Q

“Pleasure alone is intrinsically valuable” is prescriptive

A

True

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6
Q

Because utilitarianism is a theory that makes claims about right and wrong it is a ______ theory

A

Normative/prescriptive

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7
Q

We want to look out for ourselves
Therefore we ought to look out for ourselves

The above argument is valid

A

False

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8
Q

Psychological egoism is widely held in which science?

A

Social

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9
Q

Psychological egoism is an important theory because if it is true, ethical egoism is true as well

A

False

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10
Q

Define psychological egoism

A

There are no altruistic actions-The motive for all our actions is self interest (descriptive)(false)

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11
Q

Define ethical egoism

A

Everyone ought to look out for and seek only their own best interests. The right action is the one that best promotes the agent’s own interest
(prescriptive/normative)

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12
Q

If right conduct is right merely because God commands it, then God’s commands are

A

arbitrary, meaning there is no reason why he gave the commands he did

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13
Q

According to the Divine Command Theory, what makes something wrong is God’s forbidding it

A

True

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14
Q

The Divine Command Theory is normative/prescriptive

A

True

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15
Q

According to the Divine Command Theory, right and wrong are simply a matter if God’s commands

A

True

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16
Q

According to the Divine Command Theory, what makes something right is God’s commanding

A

True

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17
Q

The Euthyphro Dilemma asks what question?

A

is right conduct right because God commands it or does God command it because it is right

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18
Q

If God commands us not to lie because lying is wrong, then

A
  • lying is wrong but not merely because God said it
  • there is a reason why lying is wrong that cannot be reduced to God’s saying it is wrong
  • the reason lying is wrong is the reason we are looking for when we ask what makes right things right and wrong things wrong
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19
Q

Most philosophers who believe in God accept the Divine Command Theory

A

False

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20
Q

If God commands right conduct because it is right, then there is a reason why God gives the commands he does

A

True

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21
Q

If got exists, then all is well.
All is not well
Therefore God does not exist

Valid or not valid

A

Valid

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22
Q

If it’s raining, then the streets are wet.
It’s not raining
Therefore, the streets are not wet.

Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Denying the Antecedent, or Affirming the Consequent

A

Denying the Antecedent

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23
Q

In the sentence, “The streets are wet if it’s raining” “It’s raining” is called

A

The antecedent

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24
Q

The sentence, “God exists” is valid

A

False

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25
Q

If an argument is sound

A
  • It is valid
  • All premises are true
  • It’s conclusion must be true
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26
Q

If an argument is valid, then it is also sound.

A

False

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27
Q

If an argument is valid, then

A

if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

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28
Q

If something is the case, then it ought to be the case

A

False

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29
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true

A
  • When a culture changes its morals, the change is neither moral progress nor moral decline
  • Then one’s culture is always by definition right
  • A moral reformer who challenges a culture’s morals is always by definition wrong
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30
Q

Different cultures have different moral standards is (Descriptive or Prescriptive?)

A

Descriptive

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31
Q

Prescriptive claims aren’t true or false. They are just a matter of opinion

A

False

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32
Q

“We ought to never seek happiness” is descriptive

A

False

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33
Q

“The right act is the one that promotes the greatest good for oneself” is prescriptive

A

True

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34
Q

“Murder is wrong” is descriptive

A

False

35
Q

If different cultures have different moral standards, then Ethical Relativism is true.

A

False

36
Q

Ethical Relativism is descriptive

A

False

37
Q

Different cultures have different moral standards is

Descriptive or prescriptive?

A

Descriptive

38
Q

If ethical relativism is true, then there is no right and wrong

A

False

39
Q

If a statement is prescriptive, it is also

A

normative

40
Q

“We ought never to seek happiness” is descriptive

A

False

41
Q

“No one Seeks happiness” is descriptive

A

True

42
Q

“Everyone seeks happiness” is descriptive

A

True

43
Q

We can know with certainty what the consequences of our actions are.

A

False

44
Q

We can be certain that “All triangles are trilateral” is true.

A

True

45
Q

We can be certain that “All swans are white” is true.

A

False

46
Q

Socrates is a consequentialist

A

False

47
Q

Socrates believes it is wrong to break one’s just agreements. How does he think he knows this?

A

By reason alone

48
Q

Socrates believes he has a just agreement with Athens. How did he make this agreement?

A

By staying in Athens when he had the chance to leave.

49
Q

In moral philosophy, consequentialism means

A

An act is right if and only if it has good consequences, wrong if and only if it has bad consequences

50
Q

How do we know whether “All triangles are trilateral” is true?

A

By reason alone

51
Q

How do we know whether “All swans are white” is true?

A

By experience alone

52
Q

How do we know what acts are right or wrong, according to consequentialism?

A

By experience alone

53
Q

Does Socrates believe that he has a just agreement with the state?

A

Yes, because he made a tacit agreement by staying when he could have left.

54
Q

Socrates says he will try to escape if and only if

A

It is right to do so

55
Q

In addition to our physical body, which can be harmed by physical causes, we also have a part that can be improved by justice and harmed by injustice

A

True

56
Q

According to Socrates, just as the body can be improved by some physical activities and corrupted by other physical activities, the soul can be improved by justice and corrupted by injustice.

A

True

57
Q

According to Socrates, a good life means the same thing as a happy life.

A

False

58
Q

What is the issue in the Crito?

A

Should Socrates try to escape the Athenian prison

59
Q

Which of Plato’s Dialogues asks the question, “Is the law good because God gave it or did God give the law because it is good?”

A

The Euthypro

60
Q

In Socrate’s apology before the court, he admits his guilt.

A

False

61
Q

Define ethical relativism

A

what is morally right or wrong varies from person to person or from society to society

62
Q

Different types of Reasoning

A

Modus Ponens:
If A, then B
A
Therefore B

Modus Tollens:
If A, then B
Not B
Therefore not A

Denying the Antecedent(invalid):
If A, then B
Not A
Therefore Not B

Affirming the Consequent(invalid):
If A, then B
B
Therefore A

63
Q

If it’s raining, then the streets are wet
It is raining
Therefore the streets are wet

Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Denying the Antecedent, or Affirming the Consequent

A

Modus Ponens

64
Q

If it’s raining, then the streets are wet
The streets are not wet
Therefore it’s not raining

Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Denying the Antecedent, or Affirming the Consequent

A

Modus Tollens

65
Q

If it’s raining, then the streets are wet
The streets are wet
Therefore it’s raining

Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Denying the Antecedent, or Affirming the Consequent

A

Affirming the consequent

66
Q

Socrates probably approves of democracy because he believes that the majority is usually right.

A

False

67
Q

If an argument is sound

A

-It is valid
-All its premises are true
-Its conclusion must be true

68
Q

If an argument is valid, then

A

if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

69
Q

The divine command theory is descriptive or prescriptive?

A

prescriptive

70
Q

Hedonism is the view that pleasure alone is intrinsically valuable.

A

True

71
Q

Utilitarianism is a rationalist theory, meaning that moral knowledge is acquired by reason alone.

A

False

72
Q

Utilitarianism is the view that the right act is the one that provides the most favorable balance of good minus bad for oneself.

A

False

73
Q

When Mill says that the utilitarian standard gives moral consideration to all sentient creation, he means

A

anything that can feel pain or pleasure

74
Q

Because utilitarianism is a theory that makes claims about right and wrong,

A

It is a normative theory

75
Q

Bentham’s 7 characteristics of pleasure

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Likelihood
  4. Propinquity/nearness
  5. Fecundity(fruitfulness)
  6. Purity
  7. Extent
76
Q

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist view, meaning that according to utilitarianism, the consequences of an act are irrelevant to its moral worth.

A

False

77
Q

Mill rejects utilitarianism, calling it a doctrine worthy only of swine.

A

False

78
Q

Bentham and Mill are both hedonists.

A

True

79
Q

“The right act is the one that promotes the greatest good for oneself” is prescriptive

A

True

80
Q

“Seeking happiness is wrong” is descriptive

A

False

81
Q

“Seeking happiness is good” is normative

A

True

82
Q

“Everyone seeks happiness” is descriptive

A

True

83
Q

“No one seeks happiness” is descriptive

A

True

84
Q

Ethical relativism is normative

A

True

Into to Ethics (4 decks)

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