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parasitology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Competition definition

A

(-/-) two or more species compete for a resource in short supply

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2
Q

Predation definition

A

(+/-) one species (predator) kills and eats the other (prey)

predators can be anything that they kill and eat (manatee is predator to plant)

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3
Q

Herbivory defintion

A

(+/-) eats part of plant or algae

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4
Q

Symbiosis definition

A

individuals of 2 or more species live in close contact and have relationships with one another

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5
Q

Parasitism defintion

A

(+/-) derives its nourishment from a second organism (host) that is harmed

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+) both species benefit from interaction

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7
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0) one species benefits while the other is unaffected

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8
Q

facilitation

A

(+/+) or (0/+) species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without the intimate contact of a symbiosis

like a beaver

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9
Q

parasite

A

organism that infects or infests a host where it does some damage while the parasite benefits in some way

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10
Q

damage

A

reduction in fitness

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11
Q

infestation

A

external

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12
Q

infection

A

internal

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13
Q

micropredator

A

organism that feeds on another without killing it or having involvement in reproduction cycle (ticks on dogs)

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14
Q

parasitoid

A

organism that spends a significant amount of its life on or within a single host, often sterilizing it, often killing it, and sometimes fully consuming it

that wasp that lays eggs in/on caterpillar

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15
Q

virulence

A

likelihood that an infectious agent causes disease or fatality

ability of a parasite to reduce its host fitness

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16
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

transfer of genes from parent to offspring

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17
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer of genetic information between organisms in a matter other than conventional modes of reproduction

parasitic vine thing

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18
Q

what is the relationship of horizontal gene transfer? how does it affect evolution?

A

(+/+) because genes are tied together between parasite and host, both want to reproduce to pass on mutual genes

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19
Q

obligatory parasite

A

parasite that is unable to complete its lifecycle in absence of required host

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20
Q

facultative parasite

A

organism that is fully able to live a free living existence but that may become parasitic if the opportunity arises

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21
Q

Opportunic parasite

A

parasite that takes advantage of a particular circumstance to initiate and infection in a host that it normally doesn’t

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22
Q

macroparasite

A

multicellular, big enough to be counted

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23
Q

microparasite

A

difficult to quantify (virus)

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24
Q

monoxenous (direct) life cycle

A

one host species needed to complete life cycle

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25
Q

heteroxenous (indirect) life cycle

A

more than 1 species is required to complete life cycle

26
Q

definitive host

A

host in which parasite reaches sexual maturity

27
Q

intermediate host

A

host where parasite undergoes required developmental stage but does not reproduce sexually (asexual ok to build numbers)

28
Q

paratenic host

A

parasite does not undergo further development but that bridges a trophic gap in a lifecycle more probable

29
Q

phorosy

A

association of 1 organism with another for the purpose of transportation from one place to another, no physiological dependence

carries it but not necessarily to another host, just there for the ride

30
Q

mechanical vector

A

vector that picks up parasite or infection outside of body and carries it to host (carried on fly bodies)

31
Q

biological vector

A

parasite reproduces and grows in number while IN host body (tick, mosquito)

32
Q

reservoir host

A

host in which a parasite normally dwells and where it can be reliably maintained, even when not actively being transmitted

raccoons and rabies
biased: what is the species of concern?

33
Q

biological species concept

A

group of individuals with similar properties that are able to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring

34
Q

how do you test the biological species concept

A

witness breeding in captivity

35
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

group of individuals that have a single lineage with a shared evolutionary track

36
Q

taxonomy

A

identification, description, naming of organisms

37
Q

systematics

A

diversification of life, relationships of organisms over time

38
Q

phylogenetics

A

use of evolutionary trees to make and evaluate hypotheses about patterns of descent

39
Q

homology

A

possession by 2(+) species derived from common ancestor (bone structure of whales, humans, cat, bat)

40
Q

analogy

A

convergent evolution rising same trait (birds and bats both have wings)

41
Q

what are the three domains of life

A

archaea, eukarya, bacteria

42
Q

what are the 5 eukaryotic lineages of parasites

A

SAR, archaeplastida, excavata, amoebazoa, opisthokonta

43
Q

what are the stramenopiles (heterokonts)

A

SAR
diatoms that live in human gut

44
Q

what are the alveolates

A

SAR
dinoflagellates, aplcomplexans, ciliates
red tide

45
Q

what are the rhizaria

A

SAR
parasites of plants and roots

46
Q

what are the archaeplastida

A

red and green algae and plants

47
Q

what are the excavata

A

share similar cytoskeleton and have excavated feeding groove
aerobic metabolism
giardia, repro problems, african sleeping sickness

48
Q

what are amoebozoans

A

amoeba with pseudopods
dysentery, meningitis

49
Q

what are the opisthokonta

A

animals and fungi parasites

50
Q

how did we figure out parasite life cycles and transmission?

A

self testing, volunteers
yellow fever guy

51
Q

what are the 8 parasite goals

A

transmission
enter host
migrate to site in host
maintain position in host
find a mate and reproduce
undergo essential developments
cope with physiological conditions in host
evade destruction from immune system

52
Q

vector competence

A

ability of a vector to transmit a specific parasite (can it do it? if yes, it is competent)

53
Q

vector capacity

A

measure of the relative ability of a competent biological vector to transmit the specific vector

54
Q

primary vector

A

maintain a parasite in the host population on their own

55
Q

secondary vector

A

competent but have too low a capacity to maintain the transmission cycle in the absence of other vectors

56
Q

what makes a good vector? (in terms of the parasite: what would the parasite look for in a vector) (5)

A

regular feeding on host
feeding for an extended period of time
taking large blood meal
life span long enough to allow abundance
good dispersal ability

57
Q

what is an example of behavior adaptations of parasites

A

wucheria bancrofi migrate nightly to superficial blood vessels when their vector (mosquito) is likely to be out

58
Q

site specificity

A

need specific spot in host to complete development
migrate within host
may go wrong and be stuck somewhere else

59
Q

basic reproductive rate R0

A

average number of new infections generated by a single infected host when all members of the host population are considered susceptible to infection

60
Q

what happens when R0 is less than 1

A

transmission eventually stops

61
Q

what factors impact R0

A

intrinsic (parasite) extrinsic (environment, host)

parasitology (4 decks)

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